Abstract
Introduction:Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. A high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were reported in Arab countries.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for osteoporosis in women aged 40 years and above in Arar city, KSA.
Methodology: This is a case control hospital based study done in Arar city, KSA. The study population were 202 female patients divided into osteoporosis patients which included 102 female patients aged 40 years and above and the control group included 100 females from the same age group with negative investigations for osteoporosis, the data were collected using a questionnaire and were analysed using SPSS version 15.
Results and Conclusions: Aging, family history, hypertension, endocrine disease, bronchial asthma and cortisone therapy were associated with increased risk of osteoporosis.
Education, employment, habits like sun exposure, take-away meals, supplements and minerals, taking foods like eggs and fish, taking oestrogen replacement therapy and regular exercise were found to be protective against osteoporosis.
Keywords: Osteoporosis, osteopenia, menopause, sun exposure, dietary habits, regular exercise.
References
1. Afsaneh Keramat et al, The assessment of osteoporosis risk factors in Iranian women compareed with Indian women, BMC Muscul-oskelet Disord. 2008; 9: 28. Published online 2008 Feb 27. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-28.
2. AlJohara et al, Prevalence and factors associated with low bone mineral density in Saudi women: a community based survey. MC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014; 15: 5.Published online 2014Jan8. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-5
3. Bass S, Pearce G, Brudney M, hendrich E, DelmasPd, Handring A. Exercises before puberty may confer residual benefit in bone density in adulthood. Studies in active pre pubertal and retired female gymnasts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1998;13:500–7. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.3.500. [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
4. Dalsky Gp, Stoke Ks, Ehsani AA, statopolsky E, Lee Wc, BirgeSj., Jr weight-bearing exercises training and lumbar bone mineral content in post-menopausal women. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988:824–8.[PubMed]
5. De Laet C et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis Int, 2005, 16:1330–1338.
6. De Oliveira Ferreira N, Arthuso M, da Silva R, Pedro AO, Neto AM, Costa-Paiva L. Quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: correlation between QUALEF-FO 41 and SF-36. Maturitas 2009;20:85–90.
7. Dhuper S, Warren MP, Brooks J-Gunn, Fox R. Effects of hormonal status on bone density in adolescent girls. Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1990;71:1083–8. [PubMed]
8. E. A. Petri Nahas, M. S. Kawakami, J. Nahas-Neto, D. de AraujoButtros, L. Cangussu and A. B. Rodrigues. Assessment of risk factors for low bonemineral density in Brazilian postmenopausal women. CLIMACTERIC 2011;14:220–227.
9. El-Desouki MI. Osteoporosis in postmen-pausal Saudi women using dual x-ray bone densitometry. Saudi Med J 2003;24:953-6.
10. Fauci B, Longo K, Hauser, Kasper, Jameson and Loscalzo. Harrison's Principles Of Internal Medicine. 18. McGraw-Hill; 2012.
11. Holroyd C, Cooper C, Dennison E. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin EndocrinolMetab 2008; 22:671–685.
12. Ioannidis G, Thabane L, Gafni A, Hodsman A, Kvern B, Johnstone D, Plumley N, Salach L, Jiwa F, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A. Optimizing care in osteoporosis: The Canadian quality circle project. BMC MusculoskeletDisord 2008;9:130.
13. Jose´ Antonio Marti´nez Pe´ rez, Santiago Palacios, Felipe ChavidaGarci´a, &MaitePe´ rez.Assessing osteoporosis risk factors in Spanish menopausal women. Gynecological Endocrinology, Oct 2011;27(10):807–813.
14. Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster JY, Borgstrom F, Rizzoli R. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopa-usal women. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:399–428.
15. Keramat A, Patwardhan B, Larijani B, Chopra A, Mithal A, Chakravarty D, Adibi H, Khosravi A. The assessment of osteoporosis risk factors in Iranian women compared with Indian women. BMC MusculoskeletDisord 2008;9:28–37.
16. Lewiecki EM. Management of osteoporosis. Clin Mol Allergy 2004;2:9–19.
17. Luong ML, Cleveland RJ, Nyrop KA, Callahan LF. Social determinants and osteoarthritis outcomes.Aging health. 2012;8 :413–437. doi: 10.2217/ahe.12.43. [PMC free article] [PubMed][Cross Ref]
18. Maalouf G, Gannagé-Yared MH, Ezzedine J. et al. Lebanese osteoporosis prevention society, Shariati hospital, Iran. Middle East and North Africa consensus on osteoporosis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007;7:131–143. [PubMed]
19. M.A. El-Heis, E.A. Al-Kamil, K.A. Kheirallah, T.N Al-Shatnawi, M. Gharaibia and A. Al-Mnayyis. Factors associated with osteoporosis among a sample of Jordanian women referred for investigation for osteoporosis. EMHJ.V.19 No.5.2013.459-464.
20. Mahussain S, Badr H, Al-Zaabi K, Mohammad M, Alnafisi N. Bone mineral density in healthy Kuwaiti women. Arch Osteoporos2006;1:51-7.
21. Mantila RSM, Hurd AL, Xu H, Fuchs RK, Warden SJ. Age related changes in proximal humerus bone health in healthy, white males. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:2775–2783. doi: 10.1007/s00198-012-1893-1.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
22. Maryam Rafraf and BehnazBazyun. Food Habits Related To Osteoporosis in Women in Iran. PMCID: PMC3963621. Published online 2011 Dec 20. doi: 10.5681/hpp.2011.012.
23. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician’s Guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation; 2010. Accessed from : http://www.nof.org/files/nof/public /content/file/344/upload/159.pdf.
24. Navarro MC, Sosa M, Saavedra P, Lainez P, Marrero M, Torres M, Medina CD. Poverty is a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 2009;20:393–398.
25. Nayak S, Roberts MS, Greenspan SL. Factors associated with osteoporosis screening and recommendations for osteoporosis screening in older adults. J Gen InternMed 2009;24:585–591.
26. Rouzi AA, Al Sibiani SA, Al Senani NS, Radaddi RM, Aradawi MS. Independent predictors of all osteoporosis related fractures among healthy Saudi postmenopausal women :the CEOR study. Bone.2012;50:713–722. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.11.024.[PubMed][Cross Ref]
27. Samira M. Mahboub,May N. Al-Muammar, Azza A. Elareefy.Evaluation of the Prevalence and Correlated Factors for Decreased Bone Mass Density among Pre- and Post-menopausal Educated Working Women in Saudi Arabia. J Health PopulNutr. 2014 Sep; 32(3): 513–519.
28. SPSS Inc. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), version 15.0. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc.; 2005.
29. Winsloe C, Earl S, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Harvey NC. Early life factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. CurrOsteoporos Rep 2009;7:140–144.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v3i9.25
