Abstract
Introduction
Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is caused by a wide range of viruses and bacteria[1]. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is considered as a main viral etiology of patients with AES in Assam[2]. Leptospirosis is primarily a zoonosis, with humans serving as accidental hosts. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis which in its milder form resembles any other viral illness and in its severe form needs to be differentiated from other common infectionin tropical regions of India like viral encephalitis, scrubtyphus, dengue, malaria, viral hepatitis, and Hantavirus Infection. Most cases of human leptospirosis worldwide have been attributed to rodents. Human leptospiral infection primarily resulted from direct or indirect exposure to the urine of infected animals. . Leptospira organisms can survive for a long period in natural aqueous environments[3]. .Leptospira is a thin spiral organism with tightly set coils, and it is characterized by very active motility, by rotating (“spinning”) and bending. Usually one or both ends of this single-cell organism are bent or hooked, but straight forms also occur that rotate and travel more slowly than hooked forms .Agricultural workers are most infected during cultivated rice activity in marshy land[4] or capturing fish or animals.
References
- Khinchi YR, Kumar A, Yadav S. Study of acute encephalitis syndrome in children. J College of Med Sci-Nepal 2010; 6: 7-13.
- Dutta P, Khan SA, Khan AM, Borah J, Sarmah CK, Mahanta J. The effect of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITMNs) on Japanese encephalitis virus seroconversion in pigs and humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg2011; 84: 466-472
- Ridzlan F, Bahaman A, Khairani-Bejo S, Mutalib A. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira from selected environment in Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia. Trop Biomed 2010; 27(3): 632-638.
- Victoriano A, Smythe L, Gloriani-Barzaga N, Cavinta L, Kasai T, Limpakarnjanarat K, et al. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9(1):147
- Gochenour WS, Smadel JE, Jackson EB, Evans LB, Yager RH. Leptospiraletiology of Fort Bragg fever. PublHlth Rep. 1952;67:811–813. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weil A. Ueber eine eigenthümliche, mit Milztumor, Icterus und Nephritis einhergehende, acute Infections krankheit. Dtsch Arch Klin Med. 1886;39:209. [Google Scholar]
- Kalita JB, Rahman H. Leptospirosis among patients with pyrexia of unknown origin in a hospital in Guwahati, Assam. Ind J Pub Hlth 2008; 52: 107-109.
- McGrowder D, Brown Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with leptospirosis at a tertiary teaching hospital in Jamaica. Res Reports in Trop Med 2010; 1: 59-64.
- Chen Y, Cheng S, Wang H, Yang P. Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Hemorrhage Associated with Leptospirosis and Scrub Typhus Coinfection by Early Plasma Exchange. J Formosan Med
- Mathew T, Satishchandra P, Mahadevan A, Nagarathna S, Yasha TC, Chandramukhi A et Neuroleptospirosis - revisited: experience from a tertiary care neurological centre from south India. Ind J Med Res 2006; 124: 155-162.
- Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P, Sharma S, Roy S, Manickam P, Natarajaseenivasan, et al. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis during an outbreak in middle Andaman, India. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130: 67-73.
- Brown PD, McKenzie M, Pinnock M, McGrowder D. Environmental risk factors associated with leptospirosis among Butchers and their associates in Jamaica. Int J Occupat Environ Med2011; 2(1): 47-57.
- Agampodi SB, Nugegoda DB, Thevanesam V. Determinants of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka: Study protocol. BMC Infec Dis2010; 10: 332-341.
- Reis RB, Ribeiro GS, Felzemburgh RDM, Santana FS, Mohr S, Astrid XTMO, et al. Impact and environment and social gradient on Leptospirainfection in urbal slums. Plos Neg Trop Dis2008; 2(4): e228.Assoc 2007; 106(2): 1-6.
Corresponding Author
Dr Begum Sultana Shahnaj Ahmed
Post Graduate Student, Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v10i5.06
