Title: A Case Study of Drug Resistance Extra Pulmonary TB and HIV: A Deadly Syndemic with Co morbidity of Diabetes and COVID-19
Authors: Dr Rajendra Nanavare, Dr Rajendran R., Dr Namrata Kaur Bhui
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v10i3.24
Abstract
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the top infectious killer, ranking above HIV/AIDS, with 10.0 million cases and 1.4 million deaths in 2018[1]. Tuberculosis [TB] has been a major cause of suffering and death since times immemorial. Thought to be one of the oldest human diseases, the history of TB is at least as old as the mankind. Over the years, not only the medical implications but also the social and economic impact of TB has been enormous.[2]
1882 Sir Robert Koch announced the discovery of the tubercle bacillus during the monthly evening meeting of the Berlin Physiological Society. In 1905, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contributions in the field of TB research(3). In 1982, a century after Dr Koch's announcement, the World Health Organization [WHO] and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease [IUATLD], now called The Union proposed the 24th March as the “World TB Day” as a part of a year-long centennial effort under the theme “Defeat TB: Now and Forever.” Thereafter, since 1996, 24th March is celebrated as “World TB Day” every year(2).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent, usually affects the lungs (pulmonary TB/PTB). However, MTB may spread through lymphatic or hematogenous routes to virtually any organ in the body, resulting in extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The most common sites of EPTB infection include peripheral lymph nodes, pleura, genitourinary sites, bones and joints, abdomen (peritoneum and gastrointestinal tract), and the central nervous system.(1)
