Abstract
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus (D.M.) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia1. It results from a defect in insulin secretion and/or insulin action, which results in hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism2.
Diabetes is one of the commonest chronic non communicable diseases affecting the society at large both in developing and developed countries. It is generally classified as type 1, type 2 or other specific types3.
Type 1 diabetes is generally considered a T cell mediated autoimmune disease involving destruction of the insulin secreting β cells in the pancreas, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, whereas type 2 diabetes is characterised by resistance to the action of insulin and an inability to produce sufficient insulin to overcome this ‘insulin resistance’4.
Globally, all types of diabetes are on the increase, type 2 diabetes in particular5. While diabetes has been known for many centuries, the prevalence has reached epidemic level proportion only recently6. The rise of prevalence has been more alarming in developing countries than in developed countries. There has also been a trend towards a shift in the mean age of onset of type 2 diabetes to a much younger age 7.
As per the 9th edition of International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 2019,. The global diabetes prevalence is estimated to be 9.3% (463 million people), rising to 10.2% (578 million) by 2030 and 10.9% (700 million) by 2045... The major proportion of this increase will occur in developing countries of the world like India8. One in two (50.1%) people living with diabetes do not know that they have diabetes.
India leads the world with largest number of diabetic subjects earning the dubious distinction of being termed the “Diabetes Capital of the World.
Type 2 diabetes is accompanied by a high prevalence of associated disorders like the various components of the metabolic syndrome like hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity; micro vascular complications like retinopathy (Rt), nephropathy (Np), neuropathy (Nu) and macro vascular complications like coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease resulting in significantly high morbidity and mortality[9-14]. The chronic complications of diabetes mellitus translate into a significant economic burden on individuals and community at large14.
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Corresponding Author
Dr Kaushal Kumar Sinha
Fellow- Non Invasive Cardiology, GIPMER
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v8i5.72
