Title: Evaluation of infertile female by one step laparoscopic and hysteroscopic examination
Authors: Dr Urvashi Sharma, Dr Pratibha Verma, Dr Arpita Jain, Dr Sanjay Verma
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i8.27
Abstract
Introduction
Infertility is much investigated and widely studied subject in the field of gynaecology. The reason for this lies in the innate desire of a woman to procreate.
Being labeled ‘infertile is devastating to the couple. In the words of one couple, “it feels like being sentenced for a crime you have not committed”. For the vast majority of patients infertility is totally unexpected. They look, feel and act normally and everything appears to be functioning well. Suddenly, a young and healthy couple has a medical label, a stigma thrust upon them.
Infertility is the failure of a couple to become pregnant after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. In both men women the fertility process is complex. About 10% of couples fall in this category.
References
- Varma TR. Genital tuberculosis and subsequent fertility. Int J Gynaecol obstet 1991; 1(35):1-11.
- Schaefer, George. Female genital tuberculosis. Clin obstet and Gynaecol 1976; 19:233-39.
- Bazaz-Malik G, Maheshwari B, Lal N. Tuberculosis endometritis: a clinicopathological study of 1000 cases. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983; 90:84-86.
- Bobhate SK, Kadar GP, Khan A, Grover S. Female genital tuberculosis. A pathological appraisal. J Obstet Gynaecol India 1986; 36:676-680.
- Bhide AG, Parulekar SV, Bhattacharya MS. Genital tuberculosis in females. J Obstet Gynaecol India 1987; 37:576-578.
- Chhabra S. Genital tuberculosis – a baffling diseases. J Obstet Gynaecol India 1990; 40:569-573.
- Nagpal M, Pal D. Genital tuberculosis – a diagnostic dilemma in OPD patients. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2001; 51:127-131.
- Jindal UN. An algorithmic approach to female genital tuberculosis causing infertility. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10:1045-1050.
- Westrom L. Incidence, prevalence and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 138:380-392.
- Platt R, Rice PA, McCormack WM. Risk of acquiring gonorrhoea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhoea JAMA 1983; 250:3205-3209.
- Westrom L, Mardh P-A. Salpingitis in: Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF et al., eds. Sexually transmitted disease. New York: McGraw Hill, 1984;615-632.
- Westrom LV, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, Thomson SE. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sex Trans Dis 1992; 19:185-192.
- Kichukova D, Uchikova E, Velevski Endometriosis as anunexpected finding during laparoscopy on sterile women. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, High Medical, Plovdiv 2000; 39(3):25-6.
- Godinjak Z, Idrizbegovic E. Should diagnostic hysteroscopy be a routine procedure during diagnostic lap in infertile women? Journal of Basic Med Sci, 2008 Feb; 8(1):44-47.
- SAK Amer, TC Li, WL Ledger. Ovulation induction using Laparoscopic ovarian drilling in women with PDOD: predictors of success. Human reproduction 2004; 19(8):1719-1724.
- Li TC Saravelos H, Chow MS, Chisabingo R, Cooke ID. Factors affecting the outcome of laparoscopic ovarian drilling for polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with anovulatory infertility. British Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 1998; 105:338-44.
- Josef Shalev, Israel Meizner, Itay Bar-Hava, Dov Dicker, Reuben Mashiach, Zion Ben Rafael. Predictive value of TVS performed before routine diagnostic hysteroscopy for evaluation of infertility. Fertility & Sterility Feb 2000; 73(2):412-417.
- Neena Mahlotra, Maya Role of hysteroscopyin infertility in infertile women. Journal Indian medical association Sep.1997; 95(9):499.
- de Candolleand J. Bouquett de Jolinier. Management of tubal infertility. Infertility and Gynaecologic Endocrinology Clinic. 1988May.
- Sergio Reis Soares, Marcos Messala Batista Barbosa dos Reis, Aroldo Fernando Camargos. Diagnostic accuracy of sonohysterography, transvaginal sonography and hysterosalpingography in patients with uterine cavity disease. Fertility and Sterility Feb 2000; 73(2):406-411.