Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a disorder in which there is inefficient use of insulin hormone, leads to build up of glucose in the blood and eventually ends up with hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of inter-relationship of age, body mass index (BMI), random blood sugar (RBS), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerols (TAGs), High Density Lipoproteins cholesterol (HDLc), and Ca in patients with T2DM and also to compare these levels with that of healthy controls. Plasma glucose, serum TC, TAGs, HDLc, and Ca were estimated according to the instructions given in the methods. BMI was significantly higher and also the levels of RBS, TC and TAGs were significantly higher in T2DM patients compared with healthy controls. In addition, total serum Ca level was significantly higher in T2DM patients compared with healthy controls. No significant differences were observed in age and HDLc levels in T2DM patients compared with healthy controls. In the patient group positive correlation was observed between age and TAGs, age and HDLc, RBS and TC, RBS and TAGs, RBS and HDLc. In the control group, we found positive correlation between age and HDLc and a negative correlation between BMI and serum Ca. The authors conclude from the study that alterations in the study parameters in T2DM group are due to hyperglycemia, deficient scavenging action of HDLc and increase in serum calcium. Therefore, in patients with T2DM, any compensation mechanism may become insufficient.
References
- Triplitt CL. Examining the mechanisms of glucose regulation. American Journal of Managed Care. 2012 Jan;18(1):S4.
- Kolluru GK, Bir SC, Kevil CG. Endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: effects on angiogenesis, vascular remode-ling, and wound healing. International journal of vascular medicine. 2012;2012.
- Mastrandrea LD, Quattrin T. Clinical evaluation of inhaled insulin. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2006 Oct 31;58(9-10):1061-75.
- Boutcher SH, Dunn SL. Factors that may impede the weight loss response to exercise‐based interventions. Obesity Reviews. 2009 Nov;10(6):671-80.
- Atlas D. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. 2015.
- Seidell JC. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes—a worldwide epidemic. British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 Jun;83(S1):S5-8.
- Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, Chapple I, Demmer RT, Graziani F, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Lione L, Madianos P, Mathur M. Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2018 Mar 1;137:231-41.
- Pacifici RE, Davies KJ. Protein, lipid and DNA repair systems in oxidative stress: the free-radical theory of aging revisited. Gerontology. 1991;37(1-3):166-80.
- Jung U, Choi MS. Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2014;15(4):6184-223.
- Shulman GI. Ectopic fat in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiomet-abolic disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014 Sep 18;371(12):1131-41.
- Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):799.
- Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W. Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Experimental & molecular medicine. 2016 Mar;48(3):e219.
- Singh VK, Sarkar SK, Saxena A, Koner BC. Sub-toxic exposure to lindane activates redox sensitive kinases and impairs insulin signaling in muscle cell culture: The possible mechanism of lindane-induced insulin resistance. Toxicology in Vitro. 2019 Feb 1;54:98-104.
- Friesen JA, Rodwell VW. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductases. Genome biology. 2004 Oct;5(11):248.
- Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Bang H, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Golden SH, Folsom AR, Chambless LE. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Investigators. Identifying individuals at high risk for diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2013-8.
- Wilson PW, Meigs JB, Sullivan L, Fox CS, Nathan DM, D’Agostino RB. Prediction of incident diabetes mellitus in middle-aged adults: the Framingham Offspring Study. Archives of internal medicine. 2007 May 28;167(10):1068-74.
- Siebel AL, Natoli AK, Yap FY, Carey AL, Reddy-Luthmoodoo M, Sviridov D, Weber CI, Meneses-Lorente G, Maugeais C, Forbes JM, Kingwell BA. Effects of high-density lipoprotein elevation with cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition on insulin secretion. Circulation research. 2013 Jul 5;113(2):167-75.
- Drew BG, Rye KA, Duffy SJ, Barter P, Kingwell BA. The emerging role of HDL in glucose metabolism. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2012 Apr;8(4):237.
- Drew BG, Duffy SJ, Formosa MF, Natoli AK, Henstridge DC, Penfold SA, Thomas WG, Mukhamedova N, de Courten B, Forbes JM, Yap FY. High-density lipoprotein modulates glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2009 Apr 21;119(15):2103.
- Fryirs MA, Barter PJ, Appavoo M, Tuch BE, Tabet F, Heather AK, Rye KA. Effects of high-density lipoproteins on pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2010 Aug 1;30(8):1642-8.
- Danaei G, Lu Y, Singh G, Stevens G, Cowan M, Farzadfar F, Lin J, Finucane M, Rao M, Khang Y, Riley L. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment.
- Peacock M. Calcium metabolism in health and disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2010 Jan 1;5(Supplement 1):S23-30.
- Mears D. Regulation of insulin secretion in islets of Langerhans by Ca 2+ channels. The Journal of membrane biology. 2004 Jul 1;200(2):57-66.
- Levy J, Stern Z, Gutman A, Naparstek Y, Gavin JR, Avioli LV. Plasma calcium and phosphate levels in an adult noninsulin-dependent diabetic population. Calcified tissue international. 1986 Sep 1;39(5):316-8.
- DeFronzo, R. A. (2009) From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new par-adigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 58, 773–795.
- Stadler K, Goldberg IJ, Susztak K. The evolving understanding of the contribution of lipid metabolism to diabetic kidney disease. Current diabetes reports. 2015 Jul 1;15(7):40.
- Okin D, Medzhitov R. The effect of sustained inflammation on hepatic mevalonate pathway results in hyperglycemia. Cell. 2016 Apr 7;165(2):343-56.
- Pozzo L, Vornoli A, Coppola I, Della Croce CM, Giorgetti L, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Effect of HFD/STZ on expression of genes involved in lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in rats. Life sciences. 2016 Dec 1;166:149-56.
- Stern JH, Rutkowski JM, Scherer PE. Adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk. Cell metabolism. 2016 May 10;23(5):770-84.
- Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. Leptin and the central nervous system control of glucose metabolism. Physiological reviews. 2011 Apr;91(2):389-411.
- Matsuzaka T, Shimano H, Yahagi N, Amemiya-Kudo M, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Tomita S, Sekiya M, Hasty A. Insulin-independent induction of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c expression in the livers of streptozotocin-treated mice. Diabetes. 2004 Mar 1;53(3):560-9.
- Kardassis D, Gafencu A, Zannis VI, Davalos A. Regulation of HDL genes: transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational. InHigh Density Lipoproteins 2015 (pp. 113-179). Springer, Cham.
- Arya N, Kharjul MD, Shishoo CJ, Thakare VN, Jain KS. Some molecular targets for antihyperlipidemic drug research. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2014 Oct 6;85:535-68.
- Jellinger PS. Metabolic consequences of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Clinical cornerstone. 2007 Jan 1;8:S30-42.
- Doddigarla Z, Parwez I, Abidi S, Ahmad J. Effect of Melatonin and Chromium Picolinate Administration to High Carbohydrate Diet-Fed Male Wistar Rats. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine. 2017;11:1-7.
- Capobianco E, Fornes D, Linenberg I, Powell TL, Jansson T, Jawerbaum A. A novel rat model of gestational diabetes induced by intrauterine programming is associated with alterations in placental signaling and fetal overgrowth. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2016 Feb 15;422:221-32.
- Doddigarla Z, Ahmad J, Parwez I. Effect of chromium picolinate and melatonin either in single or in a combination in high carbohydrate diet‐fed male Wistar rats. Biofactors. 2016 Jan;42(1):106-14.
- Sundaram, B., Aggarwal, A., and Sandhir, R. (2013) Chromium picolinate attenuates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 27, 117–121.
- Marmett B, Nunes RB. Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on control of metabolic variables: A systematic review. J Food Nutr Research. 2016;4:633-9.
- Brunner S, Stecher L, Ziebarth S, Nehring I, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sommer C, Hauner H, von Kries R. Excessive gestational weight gain prior to glucose screening and the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis.
- Phelan SM, Burgess DJ, Yeazel MW, Hellerstedt WL, Griffin JM, van Ryn M. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2015 Apr;16(4):319-26.
- Piché ME, Poirier P, Lemieux I, Després JP. Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity and body fat distribution to cardiovascular disease: an update. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2018 Jun 28.
- da Silva M, Weiderpass E, Licaj I, Lissner L, Rylander C. Excess body weight, weight gain and obesity-related cancer risk in women in Norway: the Norwegian Women and Cancer study. British journal of cancer. 2018 Aug;119(5):646.
- Sato F, Maeda N, Yamada T, Namazui H, Fukuda S, Natsukawa T, Nagao H, Murai J, Masuda S, Tanaka Y, Obata Y. Association of epicardial, visceral, and subcutaneous fat with cardiometabolic diseases. Circulation Journal. 2018 Jan 25;82(2):502-8.
- Foright RM, Presby DM, Sherk VD, Kahn D, Checkley LA, Giles ED, Bergouignan A, Higgins JA, Jackman MR, Hill JO, MacLean PS. Is regular exercise an effective strategy for weight loss maintenance?. Physiology & behavior. 2018 May 1;188:86-93.
Corresponding Author
Dr Prabhakar Singh Bais
Assistant Professor, Head of the Department, Biochemistry Department, MLB Medical College, Jhansi
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i5.64
