Title: Seizure Pattern and Biochemical Abnormality in Neonatal Seizure
Authors: Dr Rakesh Sharma, Dr Arvind Sood
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i9.104
Abstract
Neonatal seizures have always been a topic of particular interest for the pediatricians. This is a more so because of its universal occurrence and varied number of conditions capable of causing it. Neonatal seizures are common neurological problem in neonatal period with a frequency of 1.5 to 14/1000 [1]. They are most common causes of referral to Pediatric neurology The presence of seizure does not constitute a diagnosis but it is a symptom of and underlying central nervous system disorder of systemic and biochemical abnormality, The neonate is at particular risk for development of seizure because of metabolic, anoxic, structural and infectious causes, although no cause can be identified in one fourth of cases [2]. It is essential to determine the etiology of seizure at the earliest because it gives an opportunity to treat the seizure actively and promptly to avoid unnecessary morbidity, mortality and sequelae associated with it [1]. The most hazardous period of life, unquestionably is the neonatal period, never again in life individual is confronted with more dramatic challenges than in transition from dependent intrauterine existence to independent post natal life, Because of immature nervous system of new born, newborn brain responds in form of convulsion even to minor insult. Seizure in new born is an acute emergency and frequently indicate significant damage to central nervous system in neonates. Clinical presentation of seizure, etiology and mana-gement and prognosis of seizure differ markedly to convulsions occurring in older children [3].
References
- Airede KL Neonatal seizures and a 2 year neurological outcome J.Trop Pediatr 1991; 37: 313-17.
- Rose A LA., Lombroso CT. A study of clinical, pathological, and electroencep-halographie features in 137 full term babies with a long term follow up 1969;45:404-25.
- Garg P.K Neonatal seizure Ind J.Pediatr 1972;39:208-1
- Hasbm RHA. Seizures in childhood. In Behrman RE, Kleigman RM, Arvin AM, 15th eds. Textbook of pediatr. W.B. Saunders company: Philadelphia 1996; 1668;1686-99.
- Volpe Neonatal seizures. Medical intelligence: 1973; 8:413-6.
- Avery GB Seizures. Neonatalogy, pathophysiology and management of the 3rd. ed. JB Lippincott Company Philadelphia 1987: 1085-1132.
- Brown J K. Convulsions in newborn period. Develop med Child Neurol 1973;15:823-46.
- Lourie H. Spontaneous activity of alpha motor neurones in intra-medullary spinal cord tumor. Journal of Neurosurgery; 1968;29: 573.
- Mack JT, Garcia-Mullin R, Good E, Brown S. Muscle rigidity in a newborn due to continuous peripheral nerve hyperactivity. Archives of neurology 1972; 27: 413-25.
- Burke JB. The Prognostic significance of neonatal convulsions. Arch Dis Childh 1969;44:356-60.
- Keen JH. Significance of hypocalcaemia in neonatal convulsions. Arch.Dis Childh 1969-.44: 342-5.
- Calciolari G, Perlman JM, Volpe Seizures in the neonatal intensive care unit of the 1980s. Clinical Pediatr. 1988;27: 119-123.
- Danner R, Shewmon DA, Sherman MP. Seizures in an atelencephalic infants. Is the cortex essential for neonatal seizures? Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 1014-1016.
- Scher Ms, Painter MJ. Controversies concerning neonatal seizures. The pediatr Clin North AM 1989;36:281-310.
- Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures. Current concepts and revised classification. Pediatrics 1989;84:422-8.
- Hill A, Volpe JJ. Neurologic disorders. In Avery GB, Fletcher MA, Macdonald MG 4th ed. Neonatology, pathophysiology and management of the newborn. Philadelphia JB Lippincott company 1994:1117-38.
- Volpe JJ. Neurology of the newborn Philadelphia, WB Saunders. 1986.
- Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures. Chap 5 Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1987.
- Goldberg HJ, Sheely EM. Fifth day fits: an acute zinc deficiency syndrome? Arch Ms Child 1982; 57: 633-5.
- Kumar A, Gupta V, Kachhawaha JS, Singla PN. Biochemical abnormalities in Indian Pediatr 1995;32:424-8.
- Porter RJ. Classification of epileptic seizures and epileptic syndromes. A text book of epilepsy, 4th ed. Churchill livingstone 1993:1-22.
- Power Tetany as a cause of convulsions in very young infants, JAMA 1925;84:1907.
- Griffith JPC. Blood calcium in spasmophilia: Spasmophilic manifestations in Infants of Five Weeks. JAMA 1926; 86:828.
- Bass MH, Karelitz S. Tetany accompanied by Hyperpyrexia and vomiting in the first day of life: unusual syndrome JAMA 1931;97:1372.
- Dodd K, Rapoport S.Hypocalcemia in the neonatal period. Am J.Dis.Child
1949;78:537-60. - Pathogenesis of tetany of the newborn. Am.J.Dis.Child 1937;54:1211.
- Craig WS, Buchanan MFG.Hypocalcaemic tetany developing within 36 hours of Arch. Dis Child 1958:505-11
- Kruse HD, Orent ER, McCollum EV. Studies on magnesium deficency in Symptomatology resulting from magnesium deprivation. J. Biol. Chem 1932;96:519.
- Maclntyre 1. Magnesium metabolism. SCI basis med.Ann Rev.l963;216.
- Davis JA, Harvey DR, Yu JS. Neonatal fits associated with hypomagnesaemia. Dis.Childh 1965;40:286-90.
- Anast CS. Serum magnesium levels in the newborn 1964;33:969.
- Coussons H.Magnesium metabolism in infants and children Post graduate medicine 1969;46:195.
- Painier I, Radde IC, Koob SW and Fraser D.Primary hypomagnesemier with secondary hypocalcemia. Jr of Pediatr. 1965;67:945.
- Salet J, Polonovski J, De Gouyon F, Pean G, Melekian B, and Fournet J. Tetanic Archives Francaises de Pediatrie 1966;23:749.
- Seeling M.Human requirement of magnesium factors that increase need. Proceedings of the1ist International symposium on magnesium. Ditiet in Human Paihology;1971:ll.
- Wallach S, Carter AC. metabolic and renal effects of acute hypocalcemia in dogs. J. of physiology 1961;200:359.
- Holden KR, Mellits ED, Freeman JM. Neonatal seizures; Correlation of prenatal and perinatal events with outcome. Pediatrics 1982;70:165-76.
- Dennis J. Neonatal convulsions: Aetiology, late neonatal status and long-term Develop. Med.Child N41eurol. 1978;20: 143-58.
- Eriksson M, Zetterstrom R.Neonatal convulsion: Incidence and causes in the Stockholm area. Acta Paediatr scand 1979;68:807-811.
- Brown JK, Cockburn F, Forfar JO. Clinical and chemical correlates in convulsions of the newborn. Lancet 1972:135-39.
- Lee Sequelae of neonatal convulsions. Arch, of Dis. child 1973;48:542-48.
- Seay AR, Bray Significance of seizures in infants weighing less than 2500 grams Arch Neural 1977;34:381-2.
- Goldberg HJ. Neonatal convulsions- a 10 year review. Arch.Dis Child 1983;976-8.
- Bergman I, Painter MJ, Hirsch RP, crumrine PK, David R. Outcome in neonates with convulsions treated in an intensive care unit 1983;14:642-7
- CurtisPD, Mattfaewstg TG, Clarke TA, Darling m, Crowley P, Griffine E. et al, Neonatal seizures; the Dublin Collaborative study. Arch. Dis child 1988; 63: 1065-68.
- Lanska MJ, Lanska DJ, Bawmann RJ, Kryscio RJ. A population-based study of neonatal seizures in Fayettee county, Kentucky. Neurology 1995;45(4):724-32.
- Lanska MJ, Lanska DJ. Neonatal seizures in the united states; results of the National Hospital discharge survey. Neuroepidem-iology 1996; 15(3): 117-25.
- Craig W.S. Convulsive movements occuring in the first 10 days of life. Arch Dis child 1960;35:336-44.
- Herzlinger RA, Kandall SR, Vaughan HG.Neonatal seizures associated with narcotic whhdrawl. The j of Pediatr 1977;91:638-41.
- Benes SM, Evolution of Neonatal seizures: PCNA 1994;41:1069-1102.
- Brown JK,Previce RFJ, Forfar JO et al. Neurological aspect of Perinatal Dev Med. child Neurol 1974;16:567-80.
- Fenichel GM. Hypoxic-Ischemic encephalopathy in newborn. Arch Neurol 1983;40 :261-6.
- Watanabe K, Kuroyanagi M, Hara K et al. Neonatal seizure and subsequent Brain Dev-1982;4:341-6.
- Nelson WE, Behrman RE, Vaughan Vc. The child with a convulsive disorder. Nelson text book of Pediatrics, XIII ed. WB Saunders. Company, Philadelphia 1987;1285-95.
- Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Characterization and classification of neonatal seizures. Neurology 1987;37:1837-44.
- Peteman Convulsions in childhood. Twenty year study of 2500 cases. Amer J Dis Child 1946;72:399.
- Clifford SH.Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. A critical consideration. J pediatr 1939; 14:333.
- Ford FR Diseases of the nervous system in infancy, childhood and adolescence. 3rd ed Thomas Springfield illinosis. 1952:P 952.
- Stone EL. The newborn infant 3rd ed. Kimpton london;1945: P
- Mcquarrie I, Baird HW. In text book of Pediatrics 7th ed (Ed. Nelson WE) saunders Philadelphia 1959:1114-17.
- Craig Intracranial hemorrhage in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1938 ; 13:89.
- Sanford HN, Shmigels I, Chaplin JM. Is administration of vit K to newborn of clinical value. J Am Med Ass 1942; 118:697.
- Potter The effect on infant mortality of Vit K administered during labour. Amer J Obstet Gynec. 1945; 40:235.
- Kauram R, Devivo DC. Neurologic manifestations of congenital infections. Clin Perinatal 1981; 8:445-65.
- Shelley HJ. Carbohydrate reserves in the newborn infant. Brit Med J 1964; 1:273.
- Widdowson EM, spray cm. chemical development in utero 1951;26:205.
- Payne, Acharya PT. The effect of abnormal birth on blood chemistry during the first 48 hours of life. Arch. Dis. Childh 1965;40: 436:41.
- 68 Ogata Carbohydrate hemeostasis. In Avery GB, Fletcher MN, Mhairi GM. Neonatology, Pathophysiology and management of the newborn 4th ed. Jb Lipincott company 1994:568-84.
- Misra PK, Sharma B. Symptomatic hypogly-cemia in newborn s. Indian J Pediatr 1983 ;50:363-366.
- LeakeRd, Rser RH, CMi W. Rapid glucose disapperance in infants with infection. Clincal Pediatr 1981; 20(6):397-401.
- Koo WWK, Tsang Calcium and magnesium homeostasis. In Avery GB, Fletcher MA, Macdonald MG, Neonatalogy Pathophysiology and mangement of newbora 4th ed 1994: 585-604.
- GittlemanIF, Pincus JB, Schmerzler E et al. Hypocalcemia occuring on first day of life in mature and premature infants. Pediatrics 1956;18:721-9.
- Cockburn F, Brown JK, Belton NR, Forfar JO. Neonatal convulsions associated with primary disturbance of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium metabolism.Arch Dis childh 1973;48:99-108.
- Tsang RC, Chen I, Hayes W, Atkinson W, Atherton H, Edwards N. Neonatal hypocalcemia in infants with birth asphyxia. The journal of pediatr 1974; 84(3): 428-33.
- Tang RC, Light jj, Sutherland JM. Kleinman LI. Possible pathogenetic factors in neontal hypocalcemia of prematurity. The j of Pediatr 1973; 82(3):423-9.
- Menke JH et Neurologic manifestations of systemic disease. Menke JH ed. Text book of child neurology 1995; 873-923.
- Heaton FW, Fourman P. Magnesium deficency and hypocalcemia in intestinal malabsorption Lancet 1965;2:50.
- Kumar SP, Anday EK. Edema, hypoprot-einemia and zinc deficency in low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1984;73(3):327-9.
- Clark Pa, Saunders BS, FeldMan B. Phyridoxine dependent seizures requiring high doses of phyridoxine for control. AM J Dis child 1979;133:963-5.
- Bankier A, Turner M, Hopkin IJ. Pyridoxine dependent seizures- a wider clinical Arch Dis Child 1983; 58:415-8.
- Hurst AD, StokeJ, Mc Crory WW, Stround HH Pyridoxine dependency; report of a case of intractable convulsions in an infant controlled by pyridoxine. Pediatrics 1954:13:140-5.
- Baxter P, Griffiths P, Kelly T, Gardner-Medvin D. Pyridoxine-dependent seizures: demographic, clinical, MRI and psycho-metric features, and effect of dose on intelligence quotient 1996; 38(ii):998-1006.
- Chasnoff IJ:Cocaine, Pregnancy and the growing child. Curr Probl Pediatr 1992; 22:302-21.
- Chaaaff D, Griffith DR, Freier C et al. Cocaine/palydrug use in pregnancy: Two year follow up. Pediatrics 1992;89:284-9.
- Doberczak TM, Shanzer S, Senie RT et al. Neonatal neurologic and electronceph-alographic effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure. J Pediatr 1988; 113:354-8.
- Dodson WE. Neonatal drug intoxication: Local anesthetics. The pediatr clin North AM 1976;23:399-411.
- Hillman LS, Hillman RE, Dodson WE, Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of neonatal mepivacaine intoxication secondary to paracervical and pudendal blocks during J Pediatr 1979:95:472-7.
- Zonana j, Silvery K, Strimling B Familial neonatal and infantile seizures and autosomal dominant Am j Med Gevet 1984; 18:455.
- Bjerre I, Gorelius Benign familial neonatal convulsions. Acta Paediatr scand 190^7557-61.
- Pettit RE, Fenichel GM. Benign familial neonatal seizures. Arch Neural 1980;37:47-8.
- Papile LA, Banlein J, Burstein R, Kaffler Incidance and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage. A study of infants with birth weight less than 1500 qm. J Pediatr 1978; 92:529.
- Shakaran S. Intracranial hemorrhage in newborn infants. Indian J Pediatr 1983;50:353-62.
- Krishnamoorthy KS, Fernandez RA, Momose KJ, et al. Evalution of neonatal intracranial hemorhage by computerized tomography. Pediatrics 1977; 59:165.
- Teele RL, Share JC. Cranial ultrasonography in Teela RL, Share JC eds. Ultrasonography of infants and children. Philadelphia WB saunders 1991.
- Parridge JC, Bebcock DS, Steichen JJ, Han BK. Optimal timing for diagnostic cranial ultrasound in low birth weight infants: Detection of intracranial hemorrhage and ventitricular dilatation. The J of Pediatr 1983; 102:281-7.
- Pape KE, Blade well RJ, cusick G, et al. Ultrasound detection of brain damage inpreterm infants: Lancet 1979; 1:1261-4.
- Blickman JG, Janamillo D, Cleveland RH, Neonatal cranial Ultrasonography. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 1991;20:91-119.
- Philip AGS, Allan WC, Tito A, et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants: Declining incidence in 1980s. Pediatrics 1989;84:797-801.
- Anand NK, Gupta AJ, Lamba I.M.S. Neurosonographic abnormalities in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Indian Pediatr 1994;31:767-74.
- Dubowitz LMS, Dubowitz V, Gold Berg C. Clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn infants. J Pediatr 1970; 77:1-10.
- Tarinder P. Calcium estimation by precipitation Analyst 1960;1 85:889.
- Fishe CH, Subbarow Y. The calorometric determination of phasphorus. J Biol Chcm 1925; 66: 375-400.
- Peririn-Ehner Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Norwalk Connecticut USA 1976.
- Woolen IDP. Electrolytes, in microanalysis in medical biochemistry 5th edn. Wooten IDP Edinburgh, Churchill living stone 1974; P 44-72.
- Rabbo E, Tcrkildson on the enzymatic determination of blood glucose.
- Mellitus ED, Halden KR, Freeman JM. Neonatal seizures: A multivariate analysis of factor associated with outcome 1982, 70 : 177-185.
- Singh M, Deorari AK, Khajuria, Paul VK. A four year study on neonatal morbidity in a New Delhi hospital. Jn. J. Med Res [B] 94; 1991:186-92
