Title: Autistic Spectrum Disorders: The Challenge of Early Detection in the Arab Region
Author: Dr Ebtihal Elameen Eltyeb
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i9.46
Abstract
The prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) seems to be increased world widely with unknown exact prevalence in the Arab region. The development of early detection tools for diagnosis and screening of these disorders was mandatory to decrease the burden of ASD and to facilitate early interventions. There are great challenges to develop specific tool that respectful to the diversity of Arab region with many obstacles that interfere for early detection.
Keywords: Autistic spectrum disorders, early detection, Arab region, screening tools.
References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagn-ostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed Washington, D. C: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
- Fombonne, E.Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: an update. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2003; 33: 365–382.
- Al-Farsi, Y., Al-Sharbati, M., Al-Farsi, O., Al-Shafaee, M., Brooks,D., & Waly, M.). Brief report: Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in the Sultanate of Oman..Journal of Autism and Developm-ental Disorders 2011; 41(6):821–825.
- Zeglam A, Maouna A. Is there a need for a focused health care service for children with autistic spectrum disorders? A keyhole looks at this problem in Tripoli, Libya. Autism. 2011;16(4):337-339. DOI: 10.1177/1362361310393535
- Taha, G. R. A., & Hussein, H. Autism spectrum disorders in developing countries: Lessons from the Arab world. In V.B. Patel, V. R. Preedy, & C.R. Martin (Eds.),Comprehensive guide to autism New York: Springer 2012 : 2509–2531.
- Manning-Courtney P, Murray D, Currans K, Johnson H, Bing N, et al. Autism spectrum disorders. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care.2013; 43:2–11.DOI:10.1016/j.cppeds.2012.08.001
- Salhia HO, Al-Nasser LA, Taher LS, Al-Khathaami AM, El-Metwally AA. Systemic review of the epidemiology of autism in Arab Gulf countries. Neurosciences. 2014; 19(4):291-296.
- Chawarska K, Klin A, Paul R and Volkmar F .Autism spectrum disorder in the second year: stability and change in syndrome expression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2007; 48(2): 128–138.
- Charman T1, Taylor E, Drew A, Cockerill H, Brown JA, Baird G. Outcome at 7 years of children diagnosed with autism at age 2: predictive validity of assessments conducted at 2 and 3 years of age and pattern of symptom change over time. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 May;46(5):500-13. DOI:1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00377.x
- Wiggins LD, Baio J, Rice C. Examination of the time between first evaluation and first autism spectrum diagnosis in a population-based sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr JDBP. 2006; 27:S79–S87.
- Mandell DS, Novak MM and Zubritsky CD .Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2oo5; 116(6): 1480–1486. DOI:1542/peds.2005-0185
- Shattuck PT, Durkin M, Maenner M, Newschaffer C, Mandell DS, Wiggins L, et al. Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: findings from a population-based surveill-ance study..Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2009; 48(5): 474–483. DOI:1097/CHI.0b013e31819b3848
- Wiggins LD, Baio J and Rice C. Examination of the time between first evaluation and first autism spectrum diagnosis in a population-based sample. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics2006; 27(2 Suppl): S79–S87.
- Priscilla Frenette et al. Factors affecting the age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Nova Scotia,Canada. Autism J 2013;17 (2) 184–195. DOI:1177/1362361311413399
- Zwaigenbaum L, Bauman ML, Choueiri R, Kasari C, Carter A, et al. Early Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Under 3 Years of Age: Recommendations for Practice and Research. 2015 Oct;136 Suppl 1:S60-81. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-3667E
- Dawson G. Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Summer; 20(3):775-803. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579408000370
- Baron-Cohen S, Allen J, Gillberg C. Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. Br J Psychiatry. 1992 Dec;161:839-43. PubMed PMID: 1483172.
- Stone WL, Coonrod EE, Ousley OY. Brief report: screening tool for autism in two-year-olds (STAT): development and preliminary data. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000; 30(6):607-12. PubMed PMID: 11261472.
- Thyde Dumont-Mathieu and Deborah Fein. Screening for autism in young children: the modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT) and other measures. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research 2005; 11: 253–262
- Eapen V, Mabrouk AA, Zoubeidi T, Yunis F: Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children in the UAE. J Trop Pediatr. 2007, 53 (3): 202-5. 10.1093/tropej/fml091
- Kanner, L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact..Nervous Child, 1943. (2) 217–250.
- Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H. J., Dawson,et al. The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders..Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1999; 29 (6), 439–484.
- Pickersgil (2013). Debating DSM-5: diagnosis and the sociology of critique. Journal of Medical Ethics, 40(8),.521-525.
- Seif Eldin, A., Habib, D., Noufal, A., Farrag, S., Bazaid, K., et al. Use of M-CHAT for a multinational screening of young children with autism in the Arab countries. International Review of Psychiatyr2008,;20(3):.281-289.
- Mandell DS, Wiggins LD, Carpenter LA, et al. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Identification of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. American journal of public health. 2009; 99(3):493-498. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131243.
- Matson, J., Beighley, J. and Turygin, N. Autism diagnosis and screening: Factors to consider in differential diagnosis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2012, 6(1). 19-24.DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.08.003
