Objectives: The present study reported the antibiotic susceptibility profile and pattern of pathogens isolated from in- and out-patients with respiratory tracts infections.

Methods: Sputum and throat swab samples were collected aseptically from subjects and cultured on the appropriate bacteriological media. Bacterial isolates were identified using biochemical tests and the identity of the isolate was later confirmed using Analytical Profile Index 20E kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by standard methods.

Results: Out of all specimens, 97.2% yielded a positive growth and species of various bacteria were isolated. The highest prevalence of bacteria isolated was observed in Klebsiella species (25.6%), Enterobacter species (18.8%) and the least was Shigella sp (2.5%). The susceptibility and resistance patterns of one bacterial isolates varied to the other depending on the antibiotics. The bacteria sp was resistant to other antibiotics. Many of the bacteria shows 96.1%, 95.1%, 88.3% sensitivity to Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem respectively. All the pathogens was 100% resistant to Piperacillin, <68.6% resistant to third generation cephalosporin.

Conclusions: The study concluded that the diseases in the study location is becoming rampant. The susceptibility of the pathogens to imipenem, ofloxacin and nitrofurantoin showed the effectiveness of these antibiotics in the treatment of infections caused by these organisms.

Keywords: Antibiotic sensitivity, Bacterial Pathogens, Chronic, Respiratory diseases.

1. Ait-Khaled N, Enarson D, Bousquet J. Chronic respiratory diseases in developing countries: the burden and strategies for prevention and management. Bull World Health Organ. 2001; 79(10) :971–9.
2. Akingbade OA, Ogiogwa JI, Okerentugba PO, Innocent-Adiele HC et al. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial agents involved in lower respiratory tract infections in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2012:4(5):25-30.
3. Boutayeb A, Boutayeb S. The burden of non-communicable diseases in developing countries. Int J Equity Health. 2005, 4(2) :1–8.
4. CLSI-Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. (2013). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twentieth Informational Supplement, CLSI document 2013, vol. 30. Villanova, PV: CLSI; 2013, M100-S20.
5. Collee JG, Watt B. Bacterial infection of respiratory tract. Topley and [15] Wilson’s Principles of Bacteriology, Virology, and Immunity Vol. III. 10^th 2006 BC Decker, Inc. UK.
6. Egbe CA, Ndiokwere C, Omoregie R. Microbiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Benin City, Nigeria. Malaysian J Med Sci 2011;18(2):27-31.
7. El-Mahmood AM, Isa, A, Tirmidhi SB. Antimicrobial susceptibility of some respiratory tract pathogens to commonly used antibiotics at the Specialist Hospital, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Clin. Med. Res. 2010 2(8), pp. 135-142.
8. Ezgi OO, Arikan A, Meral G, Kamruddin A. Major bacteria of community acquired respiratory tract infection in Turkey. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 2005. 58:50-52.
9. Forey BA, Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BMC Pulm Med. 2011, 11(36):1–61.
10. Gauchan P, Lekhak B, Sherchand JB. The Prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection in adults visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. J Inst Med. 2006;28(2):10-14.
11. Goel N, Chaudhary U, Aggrawal R, Bala K. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of gram [16] negative bacilli isolated from lower respiratory tract of ventilated patients of intensive care unit. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2009;13(3):148-51.
12. Han MK, Postma D, Mannino DM, Giardino ND, Buist S, Curtis JL, et al. Gender and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: why it matters. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 176(12): 1179–84.
13. Joubert J, Bradshawb D. Chronic disease lifestyle in South Africa: 1995–2005. South African Medical Research Council 2006; 1:204–219, Techical report
14. Kumari HBV, Nagarathna S, Chandramuki A. Antimicrobial resistance pattern among aerobic gram-negative bacilli of lower respiratory tract illness in the community. Thorax. 2007;56:109-14.
15. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012; 380(9859):2095–128.
16. Mustaq AS, Jakribettu RP, Meletath SK, Arya B, Shakir VPA. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs): an insight into the prevalence and the antibiogram of the gram negative respiratory, bacterial agents. J Clin Diag Res 2013:1-4.
17. Okesola AO, Oni AA. Antimicrobial resistance Among Common Bacterial Pathogens in South Western Nigeria. Am-Eurosian, J. Environ. Sci. 2009 5(3): 327-330.
18. Omland O, Würtz ET, Aasen TB, Blanc P, Brisman JB, Miller MR, et al. Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2014;40(1):19–35.
19. Shailaja VV, Pai LA, Mathur DR, Lakshmi V. Prevalence of Bacterial and Fungal Agents Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2004;22(1):28-33.
20. Sharma, R., Sharma, C. L. and Kapoor, B. (2005). Antibacterial resistance: current problems and possible solutions. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 59, 120-129.
21. Sunil V, Gaurav D (2016) Prevalence of LRTI in Patients Presenting with Productive Cough and Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 10(1): 09-12
22. Torres-Duque C, Maldonado D, Pérez-Padilla R, Ezzati M, Viegi G. Biomass fuels and respiratory diseases: a review of the evidence. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(5):577–90.
23. World Health Oragnisation. Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution – REVIHAAP Project. 2013. Techinical report.

Thonda Oluwakemi, Abike

P.O Box 960, Enuwa, Ile-Ife, +2348038419096, +2347052268339