Abstract
Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men in Nigeria and second most common cancers of men worldwide with sexual history as a consistent risk factor. Since human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was first identified as a risk factor for cervical cancer, several sero-epidemiologic and tissue-based studies have investigated HPV in relation to prostate cancer, another common genitourinary malignancy with mixed results. To further inform this potential association, we conducted a prospective and case-control investigation of HPV types 16 and 18 in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Serum samples from 300 men were tested for IgG antibodies against HPV-16 and -18 virus-like particles (VLPs) using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA) specific for each type, and also screened for the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as well as performed digital rectal examination (DRE). However, of the 300 men, only 167 consented to undergo DRE procedure. Men with PSA level ≥ 4ng/ml and or abnormal DRE were referred for prostate biopsy. The data demonstrated that 24.0% of those screened had abnormal DRE finding and PSA level of ≥ 4ng/ml which is suggestive of prostate cancer and 28.7% had HPV infection. Of the total number infected with HPV of any type, 29.1% and 23.3% of them were infected with HPV 16 and HPV 18 respectively. The data further revealed that both HPV-16 and -18 infections occurred more (P<0.05) among the cases (those suspected of prostate cancer) than in the controls (those without prostate cancer). Analysis of the data also revealed that the most common risk factors for prostate cancer are age, family history of prostate cancer, occupation, nature of diet and cigarette smoking, while infection with high risk human papillomaviruses appeared to be an etiologic risk factor. This study represents for the first time the prevalence of HPV infection in prostate cancer in Nigerian population and strengthens the hypothesis that HPV infection could be one of the co factors associated with risk of prostate cancer.
Keywords: Prevalence, Prostate cancer, HPV 16 and 18, PSA, DRE, Risk factors, Northwestern Nigeria.
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Corresponding Author
Ajang, A. Y.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v9i4.21
