Abstract
Recent and most new Pandemic is of COVID-19. This is the third time that coronavirus family has affected the human generation. COVID -19 has been found to have high morbidity with patients with co-morbidities and has been treated with supportive treatment. Low lymphocyte count and higher Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor prognosis in COVID 19. Old age, obesity and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is associated with low lymphocyte count and high neutrophil lymphocyte ratio. Identification of high risk group and taking specific measures to reduce the risk factors in them may result in improving complications related to COVID 19.
Keywords: Lymphopenia in COVID-19, Mortality in COVID-19, Diabetes & COVID-19.
References
- Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;
- Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–74.
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223): 497–506.
- Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Medrxiv. 2020;
- Tan L, Wang Q, Zhang D, Ding J, Huang Q, Tang Y-Q, et al. Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):1–3.
- Zheng M, Gao Y, Wang G, Song G, Liu S, Sun D, et al. Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;1–3.
- Liu J, Liu Y, Xiang P, Pu L, Xiong H, Li C, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts severe illness patients with 2019 novel coronavirus in the early stage. MedRxiv. 2020;
- Russell CD, Parajuli A, Gale HJ, Bulteel NS, Schuetz P, de Jager CPC, et al. The utility of peripheral blood leucocyte ratios as biomarkers in infectious diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2019;78(5):339–48.
- Naess A, Nilssen SS, Mo R, Eide GE, Sjursen H. Role of neutrophil to lymphocyte and monocyte to lymphocyte ratios in the diagnosis of bacterial infection in patients with fever. Infection. 2017;45(3):299–307.
- Kaushik R, Gupta M, Sharma M, Jash D, Jain N, Sinha N, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in early and late phase of sepsis. Indian J Crit care Med peer-reviewed, Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med. 2018;22(9):660.
- Otton R, Mendonca JR, Curi R. Diabetes causes marked changes in lymphocyte metabolism. J Endocrinol. 2002;174 (1):55–62.
- Otton R, Soriano FG, Verlengia R, Curi R. Diabetes induces apoptosis in lymphocytes. J Endocrinol. 2004;182 (1):145–56.
- GN D, Parvathi M, Madhumathi R, Raghavan L. Study of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with glycemic control. Int J Adv Med. 2019;6(5):1637.
- Li J, Chen Q, Luo X, Hong J, Pan K, Lin X, et al. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio positively correlates to age in healthy population. J Clin Lab Anal. 2015;29(6):437–43.
- Lynch LA, O’connell JM, Kwasnik AK, Cawood TJ, O’farrelly C, O’shea DB. Are natural killer cells protecting the metabolically healthy obese patient? Obesity. 2009;17(3):601–5.
- Chen C-Y, Liao Y-H, Chou C-C, Sung Y-C, Tsai S-C. Initial systemic inflammatory state perturbs exercise training adaptations in elite Taekwondo athletes. PLoS One. 2017;12(4).
Corresponding Author
Dr Jayesh G Kalbhande
Consultant Surgeon, BARC Hospital