Abstract
Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID19) was the first time diagnosed in the worker of the seafood market of Wuhan, a city of China, in December 2019 and now the entire world is facing its disastrous effects. The overall mortality rate per number of diagnosed COVID19 cases is 4.7 percent. It is highly contagious and infects all age groups but elderly people with co-morbid conditions are at high risk. There is variation in presentation from asymptomatic to critical condition. It attacks the vital organs of the body with features of severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cerebral edema, myocarditis, heart failure, renal failure, diarrhea, sepsis, septic shock, and death.
The assessment of the severity of the disease depends upon lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, raised C-reactive protein (CRP), raised serum ferritin levels, raised prolactin, deranged coagulation profile, and bilateral opacities infiltrates in the lungs. Confirmatory test for diagnosis is real-time PCR of nasal and pharyngeal swab in non-ventilatory patients. Hydroxychloroquine (previously used), remdesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, interferon-beta, passive antibody therapy, and supportive care are available treatment options. We highlight in this review, background of the disease, important impacts on the major system of the body, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and recommendations.
Keywords: Coronavirus, COVID19, Wuhan Disease, ARDS, Novel virus, Pandemic.
References
- Coronavirus disease 2019.World Health Organization. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) Mortality Rate. www.worldometers.info.5 March 2020.
- Killingray, David; Phillips, Howard (2003). The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives. Routledge.
- Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P.Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses. DOI:10.3390/v11030210.
- Q&A on coronaviruses. World Health Organization. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- Xiaolu Tang, Changcheng Wu, Xiang Li, Yuhe Song, Xinmin Yaoetal. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 National Science Review.DOI; org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036.
- Yuanyuan Dong, Xi Mo, Yabin Hu, Xin Qi, etal. Epidemiological Characteristics of 2143 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China, Pediatrics.DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702.
- Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V (2020)."Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses". Nature Microbiology. 5 (4): 562–569.
- Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim guidance 13 March 2020.world health organizations.
- Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M etal. In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin. Infect.DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa237.
- Hamming, I.; Timens, W.; Bulthuis, M. L. C.; Lely, A. T.; Navis, G. J.; Goor, H. van Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. The Journal of Pathology. 2004. 203 (2):631–637.
- GU, Jinyang; Han, Bing; Wang, Jian. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Journal Gastroenterology. DOI;10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054.
- Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney impairment is associated with in-hospital death of COVID-19 patients medRxiv DOI.10.1101/2020.02.18.20023242.
- Li, Z., Wu, M., Guo, J. et al. Caution on kidney dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV patients. MedRxiv.DOI. 10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212.
- Riccardo, M. Inciardi, MD1; Laura Lupi, MD1; Gregorio Zaccone, MD1; etal. cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096.
- Abdul Mannan Baig, Areeba Khaleeq, Usman Ali, and Hira Syeda. Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus Targeting the CNS: Tissue Distribution, Host–Virus Interaction, and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2020 11 (7), 995-998.
- Wang D, Hu B. Hu c, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel corona infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; 323(11):1061-1069.
- Li Tan, Qi Wang, Duanyang Zhangetal. Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: A descriptive and predictive study. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.DOI 10.1038/s41392-020-0148-4.
- Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A meta-analysis Clinica Chimica Acta.2020, 13;506:145-148. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.022.
- Q & A on COVID-19.European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al .Correspondence: Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. NEJMed .DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2004973.
- Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in china. NEJMed. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223):497-506
- Wenling Wang, PhD1; Yanli Xu, MD2; Ruqin Gao, MD3; et Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens JAMA. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.3786.
- Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention March 25, 2020.
- Kupferschmidt, Kai; Cohen, Jon (22 March 2020). WHO launches global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus treatments. Science Magazine. DOI:10.1126/science.abb8497.
- Severe Illness associated with using non-Pharmaceutical Chloroquine Phosphate to Prevent and treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention March 28, 2020.
- Casadevall A, Pirofski LA.The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. JCI.130 (4): 15451548.
- World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19). Geneva: WHO; 2020.
- Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, et al. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2020.3204.
- Cai J, Xu J, Lin D, Yang z, Xu L, Qu Z, et al. A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features. Clin Infect Dis. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa198.
Corresponding Author
Dr Adnan Bashir Bhatti, MD
Department of Internal Medicine, Capital Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v8i6.102
