Abstract
Introduction
In 1954 Friedmann narrated different curves for progress of labour in multiparous and nulliparous females. Any divergence is failure to progress(1). In 1969 active management of labour was introduced to decrease the caesarean rate.(2) Various surgical, medical and instrumental interventions are described when there is arrest in second stage of labour(3)
References
- Friedmann EA. The graphic analysis of labor. Am Journal Obstet Gynaecol. 1954;68:1568-75
- Olah KJS. Failure to progress in the management of second stage of labour .Br J Obstet Gynaecol.1994;101:1-3.
- Cardozo LD ,Gibb DMF, Studd JWW et al. Predictive value of cervimetric labor patterns in primigravidae .Br J Obstet Gynaecol .1982;89:33-8
- Feinstein U, Sheiner E, Levy A , Hallak M, Mazor M . Risk factors for descent during second stage of labour .Int J Gynaecol Obstet2002 ;77(1) :7-14.
- Baloch S, Khaskheli M . Frequency of second stage intervention and its outcome in relation with instrumental vaginal delivery versus caesarean section . J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad .20082008; 20(1):87-90.
- David G, Fleming T, Ford K et al (2015). Caesarean section at full dialation. Aust NZ J Obstet and Gynaecol.55(6):565-571
- Unterscheider J, Mc Menamin M, Cullinane (2011) Rising rates of caesarean deliveries at full dialation : a concerning trend .Eur J Obstet. Gynecol.Reprod Biol. 157 (2): 141 -144
- Babre VM, Bendre KR ,Niyogi G (2017). Review of caesarean sections at full dialation .Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet. Gynecol.6 (6):2491-2493.
- Umbeli T, Sahal Ismail et al. Maternal and neonatal complications associated with caesarean section in the second stage of labour at Omdurman maternity hospital during 2012-13. Merit Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2014 ;2(10) :225-8
Corresponding Author
Dr Paribhashita Mishra
Associate Professor, Dept of Obs and Gynaecology, Gajara Raja Medical College, Gwalior, MP, India