Abstract
Prevalence of infection is generally higher in the patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and the bacteriological profile varies in the myriad complications that are generally associated with it. Some infections are more common in diabetes probably due to dysregulation of immune function. As community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections galore in diabetes, strict glycemic control is indispensable in curbing the extremely high morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Our study highlights the usual bacteriological profile in various diabetic infections in eastern India and reinforces upon strict glycemic control which profoundly affects the morbidity, hospital stay and mortality. Older age, longer duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control were associated with increased risk for infections in diabetic patients.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, E.coli, Glycaemic control, bacteriological profile, hospital stay.
References
- Robbins SL, Tucker Jr AW. The cause of death in diabetes: a report of 307 autopsied cases. New England Journal of Medicine. 1944 Dec 28;231(26):865-8.
- Phear AS. The causes of death in diabetes mellitus: a study of diabetic mortality in the Royal Adelaide Hospital from 1956 to 1960. Medical Journal of Australia. 1963 Jun;1(24):890-4.
- Deborah E. Sentochnik and George M. Eliopoulos Infection and Diabetes.Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus. 2012:14; 60:1017-30
- Paolo Pozzilli and R.D.G. Leslie. Infections, Immunity, and Diabetes. International Text Book of diabetes mellitus. 2009:3; 98:1729-37
- BK Das, PK Das. Acute infections in diabetes mellitus.RSSDI Text Book of Diabetes Mellitus. 2012:2; 55:731-36
- Hussain M, Babar MZ, Akhtar L, Hussain MS. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR): A well assessment tool of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2017 Nov;33(6):1366.
- Tseng CC, Wu JJ, Liu HL, Sung JM, Huang JJ. Roles of host and bacterial virulence factors in the development of upper urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli. American journal of kidney diseases. 2002 Apr 1;39(4):744-52.
- Patterson JE, Andriole VT. Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. Infectious Disease Clinics. 1997 Sep 1;11(3):735-50.
- Lye WC, Chan RK, Lee EJC, Kumarasinghe G. Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Infect 1992;24:169-74.
- Aswani SM, Chandrashekar UK, Shivashankara KN, Pruthvi BC. Clinical profile of urinary tract infections in diabetics and non-diabetics. The Austra-lasian medical journal. 2014;7(1):29.
- Schmitt JK, Fawcett CJ, Gullickson G. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and hemoglobin A1. Diabetes care. 1986 Sep 1;9(5):518-20.
- Keane EM, Boyk EG, Reller LB, Hamman RF. Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in subjects with NIDDM in San Luis valley of Colorado. Diab Care 1988;11:708-12.
- Stamm WE, Hooton TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. New England journal of medicine. 1993 Oct 28;329(18):1328-34.
- Koziel H, Koziel MJ. Pulmonary complications of diabetesmellitus: pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995;9:65-96.
- Masoodi SR, Wani AI, Misgar RA, Gupta VK, Bashir MI, Zargar AH. Pattern of infections in patients with diabetes mellitus—data from a tertiary care medical centre in Indian sub-continent. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2007 Jun 1;1(2):91-5.
- Martins M, Boavida JM, Raposo JF, Froes F, Nunes B, Ribeiro RT, Macedo MP, Penha-Gonçalves C. Diabetes hinders community-acquired pneumonia outcomes in hospitalized patients. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care. 2016 May 1;4(1):e000181.
- Jackson ML, Neuzil KM, Thompson WW, Shay DK, Yu O, Hanson CA, Jackson LA. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia in seniors: results of a population-based study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004 Dec 1;39(11):1642-50.
- Armstrong DG, Liswood PJ, Todd WF. Prevalence of mixed infections in the diabetic pedal wound-a retrospective review of 112 infections. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995 Oct 1;85(10):533-7.
- Gadepalli R, Dhawan B, Sreenivas V, Kapil A, Ammini AC, Chaudhry R. A clinico-microbiological study of diabetic foot ulcers in an Indian tertiary care hospital. Diabetes care. 2006 Aug 1;29(8):1727-32.
- Parvez N, Dutta P, Ray P, Shah VN, Prakash M, Khandelwal N, Kaman L, Bhansali A. Microbial profile and utility of soft tissue, pus, and bone cultures in diagnosing diabetic foot infections. Diabetes technology & therapeutics. 2012 Aug 1;14(8):669-74.
- Weiss A, Karpf A, Luger E, Schmilowitz H, Dekel S, Shapira I. Long-term antibiotic treatment in geriatric diabetic foot infection. Journal of medicine. 1998;29(5-6):365-73.
- Thomsen RW, Jepsen P, Sørensen HT. Diabetes mellitus and pyogenic liver abscess: risk and prognosis. Clinical infectious diseases. 2007 May 1;44(9):1194-201.
- Tian LT, Yao K, Zhang XY, Zhang ZD, Liang YJ, Yin DL, Lee L, Jiang HC, Liu LX. Liver abscesses in adult patients with and without diabetes mellitus: an analysis of the clinical characteristics, features of the causative pathogens, outcomes and predictors of fatality: a report based on a large population, retrospective study in China. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2012 Sep 1;18(9):E314-30.
- Hernandez JL, Ramos C. Pyogenic hepatic abscess: clues for diagnosis in the emergency room. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2001 Oct;7(10):567-70.
- Bamberger DM. Outcome of medical treatment of bacterial abscesses without therapeutic drainage: review of cases reported in the literature. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1996 Sep 1;23(3):592-603.
Corresponding Author
Siba Prasad Dalai
Assistant Professor, PG department of Medicine, IMS and SUM hospital , Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Kalinga nagar , Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.