Abstract
Obesity is a condition where BMI is ≥30kg/m2.Obesity is seen to raise alarmingly due to the imbalance between the calorie intake and calorie expenditure. USA, China, India, Brazil are among the top 10 obese countries as of 2017. Obesity is caused due to physical, environmental and psychological factors affecting the body. Risk factors include changes in lifestyle, urbanisation which led to decrease in physical activity. Hypertrophic and Hyperplastic obesity are the two types of obesity patterns. Pathophysiology of obesity is characterised by the chronic and low-grade inflammation of an adipocytes due to the activation of inflammatory signalling pathway. Body Mass Index, waist-to-hip circumference ratio, waist circumference are the diagnostic parameters of obesity. Obesity can be treated initially with non-pharmacological treatment where diet restriction, regular physical activity and lifestyle modifications can be done. Pharmacological treatment includes use of appetite suppressants and lipase inhibitors class of drugs. Pharmacist can play a vital role in educating people and creating awareness about complications of obesity.
Keywords: Obesity, Non-pharmacological treatment, macrophages, Appetite suppressants.
References
- Susan B Racette, Susan S Deusinger, Robert H Deusinger Obesity: Overview of Prevalence, Etiology and Treatment. Physical Therapy: Volume 83. Number 3. March 2003.276–288.
- M Garaulet, JM Ordovás, and JA Madrid The chronobiology, etiology and pathophysiology of obesity. International Journal of Obesity (2010) 34, 1667–1683.
- Javad Mehrabani and Zeynabkhazraei Ganjifar. Overweight and Obesity: A Brief Challenge on Prevalence, Complications and Physical Activity among Men and Women. Volume 7 Issue 1 – 2018. 1-6
- Sari Stenholm, Tamara B. Harriss, Taina Rantanen, Marjolein Visser, Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Luigi Ferrucci. Sarcopenic obesity - definition, etiology and consequences. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care.11. 6, NOV 2008. 693-700
- Raghav Gaiha, Raghbendra Jha, Vani S. Kulkarni Obesity, Affluence and Urbanisation in India. ASARC Working paper 2010/
- https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Obesity-Update-2017
- Trishnee Bhurosy and Rajesh Jeewan. Overweight and Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: A Problem with Diet, Physical Activity, or Socioeconomic Status? –The Scientific World Journal,Volume 2014, 1-7
- Qazi IqbaL Ahmad, Charoo Bashir Ahmad, Sheikh Mushtaq Ahmad. Childhood Obesity. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metobolism.2010 Jan-Mar; 14(1):19-25
- https://renewbariatrics.com/obesity-rank-by-countries.
- Jennifer C. Collins, JonE.Bentz. Lancaster Behavioural and psychological factors in obesity. The Journal of Lancaster General Hospital. Winter 2009. Vol. 4 – No.4. 124-127
- Russ P. Lopez. Neighbourhood Risk Factors for Obesity- OBESITY Vol. 15 No. 8 August 2007. 2111–2119
- Kathryn E. Wellen, Gökhan S. Hotamisligil. J Clin Invest Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. Volume 112. 2003. 1785-1788.
- Mehmet Celik Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity. Research & Reviews: Research Journal of Biology. Volume 5.December 2017. 13-15.
- Stuart P. Weisberg, Rudolph L. Leibel, Anthony W. Ferrante Jr. J Clin Invest. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003. 1796-1808
- Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation Geneva, 8–11 December 2008.
- Frank Q. Nuttall. Body Mass Index .Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review. Nutrition Today, Volume50, Number 3, May/June 2015. :117-128
- Constantine Tsigosa, Vojtech Hainerb, Arnaud Basdevantc, Nick Finerd, Martin Friede, Elisabeth Mathus-Vliegenf, Dragan Micic, Maximo Maislosh, Gabriela Romani, Yves Schutzj, Hermann Toplakk Barbara Zahorska-Markiewiczl. Management of Obesity in Adults:European Clinical Practice Guidelines. The Europeon Journal of Obesity. April 18, 2008.Obesity Facts.1:106–116
- Leonard H. Epstein, Michelle D. Myers, Hollie A. Raynor, and Brian E. Saelens Treatment of Paediatric Obesity: Received Oct 24, 1997; accepted Nov 6, 1997.554-570
- Gary D Foster, Angela P Makris, Brooke A Bailer. Behavioural treatment of obesity. American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 2005;82(suppl):230S–5S.
- Sedighe Moradi, Scott Reza Jafarian Kerman, and Mina Mollabashi. The effect of topiramate on weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of research in medical sciences.2013 Apr; 18(4): 297–302.
- Zhaoping Li, Margaret Maglione, MPP; WenliTu; Walter Mojica, David Arterburn, Lisa R. Shugarman, Lara Hilton, Marika Suttorp, Vanessa Solomon, Paul G. Shekelle, and Sally C. Morton. Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine. Volume 142, Number 7. 5 April 2005,532-546.
- George A. Bray and Frank L.Current and Potential Drugs for Treatment of Obesity. Vol. 20, No. 6. 805–875
- https://reference.medscape.com/drug/belviq-belviq-xr-lorcaserin-999756
- Jessica Early, JeanSuzin Whitten. Naltrexone/ Bupropion (Contrave) for Weight Loss. Volume 91, Number 8. April 15, 2015
- Marie¨lle J F Bult, Thijs van Dalen and Alex F Muller. Surgical treatment of obesity. European Journal of Endocrinology (2008) 158. 135–145
- Belachew, P. Jacquet, F. Lardinois, C. Karler. Vertical Banded Gastroplastyvs Adjustable Silicone Gastric Banding in the Treatment of Morbid Obesity. Obesity Surgery, 3, 275-278
- Süleyman Bozkurt, Bezmialem. Complications in bariatric surgery. Laparosc Endosc Surg Sci 2016;23(4):133-141
Corresponding Author
Dr P. Kishore
Head, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Care College of Pharmacy, Oglapur (v), Damera (m), Warangal Rural, Telangana, India – 506006
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Phone: 07569986361
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i11.150
