Abstract
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological sensorimotor disorder which is characterized by uncontrollable urge to move legs which is accompanied by painful sensation. RLS can be distinguished into primary (idiopathic) and secondary forms. Prevalence of RLS is around 1-15 % worldwide. Prevalence of RLS appears more in Northern and Western European countries and less common in Asian and South European countries. In South-India, prevalence of RLS is 2.1 %. Symptoms may appear during periods of rest and inactivity at evening-night times and relieved by movement. Symptoms of RLS include uncontrollable urge to move legs, uneasiness and discomfort in legs. Symptoms get worse during late evening and night (bedtime). RLS is commonly seen in pregnancy (secondary RLS) and prevalence is ranged between 10-34%. Dopaminergic neuron system and iron status is mostly involved in the pathophysiology of RLS. Drugs used in treatment of RLS include dopaminergic agents (ergot and non-ergot derivatives), benzodiazepines, anti epileptic agents, opioids and iron supplements. Ropinirole and rotigotine transdermal patch are highly effective in treatment of RLS.
Keywords: Restless legs syndrome, Dopaminergic agents, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, Iron, Non-pharmacological treatment.
References
- Lisa Klingelhoefer, Kalyan Bhattacharya and Heinz Reichmann, Restless legs syndrome, Clinical Medicine 2016, Vol. 16, No 4: 379–82.
- Anna Serafini, Simone Lorenzut, Gian Luigi Gigli, Giovanni Merlino and Mariarosaria Valente, The use of rotigotine in the treatment of restless legs syndrome, Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2010, 3(4) 241248.
- Clete A Kushida, Ropinirole for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2006, 2(4) 407–419.
- VG P Kumar, M Bhatia, M Tripathi, AK Srivastava, S Jain, Restless Legs Syndrome : Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, vol.51, Aug 2003.
- Virgilio Gerald H.Evidente, The Treatment and Management of Restless Legs Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Scottsdale, Arizona, Jan 2006.
- John W. Winkelman, Melissa J. Armstrong, Richard P. Allen, K. Ray Chaudhuri, William Ondo, Claudia Trenkwalder, Phyllis C. Zee, Gary S. Gronseth, David Gloss, Theresa Zesiewicz, Practice guideline summary: Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome in Adults, American Academy of Neurology, Nov.2016.
- Sanjay gangadharan, laurenperkins, annasauerbier and k ray chaudhuri, The treatment challenges of restless legs syndrome, co.uk, September 2016.
- Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, July 2018.
- Prachaya Srivanitchapoom, Sanjay Pandey, and Mark Hallett, Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: A review; Parkinsonism Relat Disord. July 2014, 20(7): 716–722.
- Gupta1, M. Dhyani, T. Kendzerska, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, A. S. Ba Hammam, P. Srivanitchapoom, S. Pandey, and M. Hallett, Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: prevalence, possible pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment, Acta Neurol Scand. May 2016, 133(5): 320–329.
- Rangarajan S, D’Souza GA, Restless Legs Syndrome in an urban population, Sleep Med. December 2007, 9(1): 88-93.
- Seong-Jin Cho, Jin Pyo Hong, Bong-Jin Hahm, Hong Jin Jeon, Sung Man Chang, Maeng Je Cho, Hochang B. Lee,Restless Legs Syndrome in a Community Sample of Korean Adults: Prevalence, Impact on Quality of Life, and Association with DSM-IV Psychiatric Disorders; RLS, Quality of life and Psychiatric Disorders, May 2009.
- Vignatelli, M. Billiard, P. Clarenbach, D. Garcia-Borreguero, D. Kaynak, V. Liesiene, C. Trenkwalder and P. Montagna, EFNS guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in sleep, European Journal of Neurology 2006, 13: 1049–1065.
- Subhashie Wijemanne, William Ondo Restless Legs Syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis and a practical approach to management; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical School, Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas, USA, 2017.
- ShiyiGuo, Jinsha Huang, Haiyang Jiang, Chao Han, Jie Li, Xiaoyun Xu, Guoxin Zhang, Zhicheng Lin, Nian Xiong and Tao Wang, Restless Legs Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Diagnosis and Management, June 2017.
- Dong Soon Kim, Hong Beom Shin, and Young Min Ahn, A case of restless legs syndrome in a child presenting with growing pains, Korean Journal of Pediatrics Vol.51, 2008.
- Zanigni, G. Calandra-Buonaura, G. Giannini, C. Tonon, P. Cortelli, F. Provini, The association between restless legs syndrome, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: hypotheses and evidence from the literature, Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 153: 170-183, 2015.
- Philip W. Tipton, Zbigniew K. Wszolek, Restless legs syndrome and nocturnal leg cramps: a review and guide to diagnosis and treatment; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States; Pol Arch Intern Med. 2017; 127 (12): 865-872.
- Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Arthur S. Walters, Domenic Sica, The relationship among restless legs syndrome (Willis–Ekbom Disease), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease, J Neurol (2014) 261:1051–1068.
- Practice Guideline: Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome in Adults, Summary of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guideline, 2016.
- Diego Garcia-Borreguero, Michael H. Silber, JohnW. Winkelman, Birgit Hogl, Jacquelyn Bainbridge, Mark Buchfuhrer, GeorgiosHadjigeorgiou, Yuichi Inoue, Mauro Manconi, Wolfgang Oertel , William Ondo, Juliane Winkelmann, Richard P. Allen, Guidelines for the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome/ Willis–Ekbom disease, prevention and treatment of dopaminergic augmentation: a combined task force of the IRLSSG, EURLSSG, and the RLS-foundation; Sleep Medicine 21 (2016) 1–11.
- Pietro Lucca Ratti, MaríaVerónica Rey, Olivier Rascol, Santiago Perez-Lloret, Rotigotine Transdermal Patch for the Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome, Integr Med Int 2014; 1:32–43.
- Karla Carlos, Gilmar F Prado, Camila DM Teixeira, Cristiane Conti, Marcio M de Oliveira, Lucila BF Prado, Luciane BC Carvalho, Benzodiazepines for restless legs syndrome; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017.
- Richard P. Allen, Daniel L. Picchietti, Michael Auerbach , Yong Won Cho , James R. Connor, Christopher J. Earley, Diego Garcia-Borreguero, Suresh Kotagal, Mauro Manconi, William Ondo, Jan Ulfberg, John W. Winkelman, On behalf of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG), Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report; Sleep Medicine. 41, 2018.
- Philippe RizekMsc, Niraj Kumar, Restless legs syndrome; CMAJ 2017 February 13; 189:E245.
Corresponding Author
Dr P.Kishore
Head, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Care College of Pharmacy, Oglapur (V), Damera (M), Warangal (Rural) – 506006, India
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Phone: 09704803293
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i11.34
