Abstract
The study of Prevalence and different laboratory diagnosis methods for the determination of typhoid fever in Kashmir region were studied with 676 samples. The samples of patients were classified into three groups, males, females and children from the age group of 8 to 60 years. Out of 676 patients, 250 were males with 146 found positive and 104 were found negative for typhoid. In 350 females samples collected, out of which 239 were found positive for typhoid and 111 has shown negative results. Whereas 76 children sample collected revealed that 28 were found to be positive and 48 were negative for typhoid. The overall results of Widal test showed that out of 413 sample 219 were positive for Antigen O, 165 were positive for Antigen H, 17 were positive for Antigen AH and 12 were positive for Antigen BH. Out of 413 sample, it was found that 146 were both IgM and IgG positive, 35 were both IgM and IgG negative, 192 were IgM positive and 40 were IgG positive. This study revealed that the highest cases were reported with IgM positive whereas as the lowest percentage was found with IgG positive. Out of 192 positive cases (IgM positive for typhidot), 189 were found positive for IgM and 3 were negative by ELISA method. Similarly, out of 40 positive cases (IgG positive for typhidot), 38 were found positive for IgM and 2 were negative by ELISA method. Thus the study found that the prevalence of typhoid was found higher in females than in males and children.
Keywords: Salmonella typhi, Enteric fever,Widal test, Typhidot assay, ELISA
References
- Ochman, E. A. Groisman, “The origin and evolution of species differences in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium,” EXS., vol. 69, pp. 479–493, 1994.
- Fierer, D. G. Guiney, “Diverse virulence traits underlying different clinical outcomes of Salmonella infection,” J Clin Invest., vol. 107, pp. 775–780, 2001.
- A. Crump, S. P. Luby, E. D. Mintz, “The global burden of typhoid fever,” Bull World Health Organ., vol. 82, pp. 346-353, 2004.
- House, A. Bishop, C. Parry, G. Dougan, J. Wain, “Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and disease,” CurrOpin Infect Dis., vol. 14(5), pp. 573-578, 2001.
- B. Hornick, “Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XX. Typhoid fever,” Rev infect Dis., vol. 7(4), pp. 53646, 1985.
- Leniaud, M. Vitris, A. Bernard, T. Kankolongo, L. Cornen, “Typhoid fever in a resuscitation department. Apropos of 42 cases,” Med Trop (Mars)., vol. 44(2), pp. 121-126, 1984.
- J. P. Van, R. Stockenbrugger, “Typhoid perforation. A review of the literature since 1960,” Trop Geogr Med., vol. 46(6), pp. 336-339, 1994.
- A. Rahman, A. M. Abubakar, A. W. Johnson, J. O. Adeniran, “Typhoid ileal perforation in Nigerian children: an analysis of 106 operative cases,” PediatrSurg Int., vol. 17(8), pp. 628-630, 2001.
- K. Kadappu, P. V. Rao, N. Srinivas, B. A. Shastry, “Pancreatitis in enteric fever,” Indian J Gastroenterol., vol. 21(1), pp. 32-33, 2002.
- Rombola, S. N. Bertuccio, “Typhoid fever and acute pancreatitis: two cases,” Infez Med., vol. 15(1), pp. 63-65, 2007.
- A. Nasir, J. O. Adeniran, L. O. Abdur-Rahman, T. O. Odi, J. A. Omotayo, “Typhoid intestinal disease: 32 perforations in 1 patient,” Niger Postgrad Med J., vol. 15(1), pp. 55-57, 2008.
- D. Maurya, H. C. Gupta, A. Tiwari, B. D. Sharma, “Typhoid bowel perforation: a review of 264 cases,” Int Surg., vol. 69(2), pp. 155-158, 1984.
- K. Mehta, S. C. Arya, G. Mathai, “Infarction of spleen in typhoid fever,” Saudi Med J., vol. 28(2), pp. 271-272, 2007.
- Pancharoen, J. Wongsawat, S. Pancharoen, U. Thisyakorn, “Typhoid glomerulonephritis in a child: a rare complication of typhoid fever,” Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health., vol. 32(4), pp. 869-871, 2001.
- F. Crum, “Current trends in typhoid fever,” Current Gastroenterol Rep., vol. 5(4), pp. 279-286, 2003.
- I. Lifshitz, “Travel trouble: typhoid fever- A case presentation and review,” J.AmColl Health., vol. 45(3), pp. 99-105, 1996.
- Park, Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., vol. 3(11), pp. 708-710, 2014.
- ZA Bhutta, NMansurali, “Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: A prospective comparative evaluation of two DOT-enzyme immune assays and the Widal test,”Amj Trop Med Hyg., vol. 61(4), pp.654-657, 1999.
- V Gopalakrishnan, WYSekhar, eh Soo, RAVinsent, S Devi, “Typhoid fever in Kuala Lampur and a comparative evaluation of two commercial diagnostic kits for the detection of antibodies to Salmonella typhi,” Singapore Med j., vol. 43(7), pp. 354-8, 2002.
- Jesudason, E. Esther, E. Mathai, “Typhidot test to detect IgG and IgM antibodies in typhoid fever,” Indian J. Med. Res., vol. 116, pp. 70–72, 2002.
- Quiroga, M. Goycoolea, R. Tagle, F. Gonzalez, L. Rodriguez, L. Villarroel, “Diagnosis of typhoid fever by two serologic methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhi antibodies and Widal test,” DiagnMicrobiol Infect Dis., vol. 15(8), pp. 651-656, 1992.
- E. Sippel, H. M. Hanafy, A. S. Diab, C. Prato, R. Arroyo, “Serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in pediatric patients by anti-LPS ELISA,” Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 81(6), pp. 1022-1026, 1987.
- Vitale, R. Librizzi, C. Mocciaro, I. Friscia, E. Blandino, V. Usticano, S. Mansueto, M. Di Fiore, G. Reina, G. Gambino, “An ELISA method in the diagnosis of typhoid fever,” J. Clin. Lab. Immunol., vol. 3(4), pp. 195-199, 1990.
- O. Isoma, R. Vuento, K. Granfors, “Serological diagnosis of salmonella infections by enzyme immunoassay,” Lancet., vol. 1(8652), pp. 1411–1414, 1989.
- A. Strid, T. Dalby, K. Mølbak, K. A. Krogfelt, “Kinetics of the human antibody response against Salmonella enteric serovars enteritidis and typhimurium determined by lipopolysaccharide enzymelinked immunosorbent assay,” Clin Vaccine Immunol., vol. 14(6), pp. 741–747, 2007.
Corresponding Author
Dr V. Veeramanikandan
Assistant Professor, Research Centre in Microbiology, Dr. M.G.R. Nagar, Hosur- 635 109, Tamilnadu, India
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Contact: +91-9976307777
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i8.145
