Abstract
Nipah virus, a member of family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus causes acute and severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. The primary source of infection is through infected pigs and bats. Virus was first isolated in 1999 post 1998 outbreak in Malaysia, where pigs were the primary source of infection. Unlike Malaysia, fruit bats of family Pteropodidae were the main reservoir in Bangladesh and India. Several outbreaks have been reported from Bangladesh and India in past 20 years. Most of the infections are associated with ingestion of date palm sap contaminated by bats and even human to human transmission is also known. Viral isolation, Nucleic acid amplification tests and serology are the main diagnostic methods. Several ELISA based tests are available for serological diagnosis. As so far no approved vaccine or effective antiviral drugs are available, the mainstays of management relies on preventive and supportive management.
Keywords: Henipavirus, Pteropus bats, Encephalitis, Outbreak, ELISA, Vaccine.
References
- Chua KB, Goh KJ, Wong KT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan PSK, et.al. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig farmers in Malaysia. Lancet. 1999;354: 1257–9.
- Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, TaminA, et.al. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science. 2000; 288:1432–1435.
- Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, Tan PS, Kamarulzaman A, et.al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1229–1235.
- WHO | World Health Organization. Retrieved June 06, 2018, from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus.html.
- Ministry of Health Malaysia. Cabinet Report: JE / Nipah Outbreak In Malaysia. 2001; Volume 1: 1-133.
- World Health Organization, Regional Offie for South-East Asia (SEARO) (2012) Nipah virus outbreaks in the WHO South-East Asia Region.
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (2013) Nipah Infection in 2013.
- Khan MS, et al. Use of infrared camera to understand bats’ access to date palm sap: Implications for preventing Nipah virus transmission. 2010;7:517–525.
- WHO | World Health Organization. Retrieved June 06, 2018, from http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-may-2018-nipah-virus-india/en/
- Lo MK, Rota PA. Emergence of Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic Paramyxovirus. J ClinVirol. 2008;43:396–400.
- Wang LF, Mackenzie JS, Broder CC. 2013. Henipaviruses, p 286 –313. In Knipe DM, Howley PM (ed), Fields virology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
- Chan YP, Chua KB, Koh CL, Lim ME, Lam SK. Complete nucleotide sequences of Nipah virus isolates from Malaysia. J Gen Virol. 2001;82:2151–5.
- Tamin A, Harcourt BH, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Functional properties of the fusion and attachment glycoproteins of Nipah virus. Virology. 2002;296(1):190–200.
- Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Halpin K, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Molecular characterization of the polymerase gene and genomic termini of Nipah virus. Virology. 2001;287:192–201.
- Mire CE, Satterfield BA, Geisbert JB, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Yan L, Chan YP, Cross RW, Fenton KA, Broder CC, Geisbert TW. Pathogenic differences between Nipah virus Bangladesh and Malaysia strains in primates: implications for antibody therapy. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:30916.
- Clayton BA, Middleton D, Bergfeld J, Haining J, Arkinstall R, Wang L, Marsh GA. Transmission routes for Nipah virus from Malaysia and Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1983–1993.
- Clayton BA, Middleton D, Arkinstall R, Frazer L, Wang LF, Marsh GA. The nature of exposure drives transmission of Nipah viruses from Malaysia and Bangladesh in ferrets. PLoSNegl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0004775.
- Negrete OA, Wolf MC, Aguilar HC, Enterlein S, Wang W, et.al. Two key residues in ephrinB3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for Nipah virus. PLoSPathog. 2006 2:e7.
- Bonaparte MI, Dimitrov AS, Bossart KN, Crameri G, Mungall BA, et.al. Ephrin-B2 ligand is a functional receptor for Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Proc Natl AcadSci U S A. 2005;102:10652–10657.
- Luby SP, Gurley ES, Hossain MJ. Transmission of human infection with Nipah virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49: 1743- 1748.
- Olson J, Rupprecht CE, Rollin PE, An US, Niezgoda M, et.al. Antibodies to Nipah-Like virus in Bats (Pteropuslylei), Cambodia. EmergInf Dis. 2002;8(9):987–8.
- Montgomery J, Hossain MJ, Gurley E, Carroll DS, Croisier A, et.al. Risk factors for Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(10):1526–32.
- Luby SP, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, Blum LS, Husain MM, et.al. Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus, Bangladesh. EmergInf Dis. 2006;12:1888–94.
- Yadav PD, Raut CG, Shete AM, Mishra AC, Towner JS, et.al. Detection of Nipah virus RNA in fruit bat (Pteropusgiganteus) from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(3):576–8.
- Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, et.al. Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(2):235–40.
- Chua KB, Lam SK, Goh KJ, Hooi PS, Ksiazek TG, et.al. The presence of Nipah virus in respiratory secretions and urine of patients during an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis in Malaysia. J Infect. 2001;42: 40-43.
- Rockx, Brining D, Kramer J, Callison J, Ebihara H, et.al. Clinical outcome of henipavirus infection in hamsters is determined by the route and dose of infection. J Virol. 2011;8: 7658-7671.
- Selvey LA, Wells RM, McCormack JG, Ansford AJ, Murray K, et.al. Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. Med J Aust. 1995;162: 642-645.
- Munster VJ, Prescott JB, Bushmaker T, Long D, Rosenke R, et.al. Rapid Nipah virus entry into the central nervous system of hamsters via the olfactory route. Sci Rep. 2012;2: 736.
- Ang BSP, Lim TCC, Wang L. Nipah virus infection. J ClinMicrobiol. 2018;56:e 01875-17.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bioterrorism agents. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. 2018
- World Organisation for Animal Health (Offie International des Épizooties: OIE) (2010) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, OIE, Paris, Hendra and Nipah virus diseases, Chapter 2.9.6. p. 3-9.
- CDC | Center for Disease Control. Retrieved June 07, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html
- Satterfield BA, Dawes BE, Milligan GN. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Nipah virus. Vaccine. 2016;34:2971–2975.
Corresponding Author
Dr Tirtha Priya
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Mobile no.: +91 8789366349
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i8.34
