Abstract
Introduction: Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of intestinal Worm infection in school children in the rural areas around Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh.
Materials and Methods: Sociodemographic data were collected from the parents. Fecal samples were collected in dry and clean screw capped plastic containers. Stool specimens were examined under direct light microscopy of smear in normal saline and iodine preparation, concentration method was used wherever required. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Out of 50 students examined, 76% were found to be infected with intestinal worms. Comparatively girls (44%) were found More infected than boys (32%),(p<0.05). T. trichiura was most common (36.8%) followed by A. lumbricoides (18.4%),H.nana (13.2%) and hook worm (7.9%) while 23.7% cases showed mixed infection with various helminthic as well as protozoan parasites like G. lamblia and E. histolytica
Conclusion: poor personal hygiene (such as not wearing shoes, no proper hand washing before and after eating, biting nails, improper toilet habits, poor socioeconomic conditions and a low level of education among parents) appear to be powerful determinants of infection.
Keywords: Prevalence, Helminthic, T. trichiura.
References
- WHO Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections Fact sheetN_366 at: www. Who.int/media centre/factsheets/fs366/en/.Accessed 21.07.13.
- Technical Report Series-972. Research Priorities for Helminth Infections. Technical Report of the TDR Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections. World Health Organisation; 2012. http:// apps. who.int/iris/bit stream/10665/75922/1/WHO_ TRS_972_ eng.pdf. Accessed 21.07.13.
- World Development Report: Investing in Health. (accessed on 13 April 2011).
- Stephenson, L.S.; Holland, C. Reference. In Impact of Helminth Infections on Human Nutrition; Taylor and Francis Ltd.: New York, NY, USA, 1987.
- Savioli L, Albonico M, Engels D, Montresor A. Progress in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths. Parasitol. Int. 2004; 53:103-13
- Gbakima, A.A; Sherpard, M; White, P.T (1994). In-testinal helminth infections in rural schoolchildren in Njala, Sierra Leone. East Africa Medical Journal. 1994; 71(12): 792-6.
- Al-Shammari S, Khoja T, El-Khwasky F, Gad A. Intestinal parasitic diseases in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: prevalence, sociodemographic and environmental associates. Trop Med and Int Health 2001;6(3):184–9.
- Plotkin GR, Kluge RM, Waldman RH. Gastroenteritis: etiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. Medicine (Baltimore) 1979;58(1):95–144.
- Soil-transmitted Helminthiases. Eliminating Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis as a Public Health Problem in Children: Progress Report 2001e2010 and Strategic Plan 2011e2020. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2012:3e4.
- Dada-Adegbola HO, Oluwatoba AO, Falade CO. Prevalence of multiple intestinal helminthes among children in a rural community. Afr J Med Sci 2005;34:263–7.
- Sinniah B, Rajeswar B. Economic status associated with intestinal nematode infections. In: collected papers on thecontrol of soil transmitted helminthes: Asian Parasite Control Organization 1998: 71-7.
- Bansal D, Sehgal R, Bhatti HS et al. Intestinal parasites andintra familial incidence in a low socio – economic area of Chandigarh (North India). Nepal Med Coll J 2004; 6: 28-31.
- Uga S, Hoa NTV, Noda S et al. Parasite egg contamination of vegetables from a suburban market in Hanoi, Vietnam. Nepal Med Coll J 2009; 11: 75-8.
- Shrestha A, Rai SK, Basnyat SR, Rai CK, Shakya B. Soil transmitted helminthiasis in Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal MedColl J 2007; 9: 166-9.
- Khanal LK, Rai SK, Khanal PR, Ghimire G. Status of intestinal parasitosis among hospital visiting patients in Deukhury Valley, Dang, Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J (in press).
- Taheri F, Namakin K, Zarban A, Shantzadesh G. Intestinal parastitc infection among school children in south khorasanprovince, Iran. J Res Health Sci 2011; 11: 45-50.
- Rai K, Sherch and JB, Bhatta DR. Study of enteropathogens and its predisposing factors in gastroenteritis suspected children attending Kanti children Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. J Nepal Assoc Med Lab Sci 2004; 6: 48-53.
- Nishiura H, Imai H, Nakao H, Tsukino H, Changezi MA, Hussain GA, et al. Ascaris lumbricoides among children in rural communities in the Northern Area of Pakistan: prevalence, intensity and associated socio-cultural and behavioural risk factor. Acta Trop 2002;83: 223-31.
- Shad JA, Lee YR. Pancreatitis due to Ascaris Lumbricoides: second occurrence after 2 years. South Med J 2001;94(1):78–80.
- Okyay P, Ertug S, Gultekin B, Onen O, Beser E. Intestinal parasites prevalence andrelated factors in school children, a western city sample- Turkey. BMC Public Health2004; 22; 4.
- Adams VJ, Markus MB, Adams JF, Jordaan E, Curtis B, Dhansay MA, Obihara CC, Fincham JE. Paradoxical helminthiasis and giardiasis in Cape Town, South Africa: epidemiology and control. Afr Health Sci. 2005; 5: 276-80.
- Sayyari AA, Imanzadeh F, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Karami H, Yaghoobi M. Prevalence ofintestinal parasitic infections in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2005;11: 377-8.
- Anah MU, Ikpeme OE, Etuk IS, Yong KE, Ibanga I, Asuquo BE. . Worm infestation and anaemia among pre-school children of peasant farmers in Calabar, Nigeria. Niger J ClinPract. 2008; 11: 220-4.
- Karrar ZA, Rahim FA. Prevalence and risk factors of parasitic infections among underfive Sudanese children: a community based study. East Afr Med J 1995; 72: 103-9.
Corresponding Author
Dr K. P. Dutta
Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics,
Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, Moradabad, UP, India