References
1. 1. Morrissey I, Hackel M, Badal R, et al. A review of ten years of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) from 2002 to 2011. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013;6:1335–46.
2. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer, Volume Two, 2011, Infections and the rise of antimicrobial resistance (published on March 2013). https://www.gov.uk/gov-ernment/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/138331/CMO_Annual_Report_ Volume_2_2011.pdf
3. UK Five Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013–2018, September 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/2440-58/20130902_UK_5_year_AMR_ strategy.pdf
4. Hoban DJ, Lascols C, Nicolle LE, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae, including molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing species, in urinary tract isolates from hospitalized patients in North America and Europe: results from the SMART study 2009–2010. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;74:62–7.
5. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18: 268–81.
6. Levison ME, Kaye D. Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections with an emphasis on drug-resistant gram-negative uropathogens. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013;15:109–15.
7. Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med 2002;113(Suppl 1A):5S–13S.
8. European Centre for Disease prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare- associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: ECDC, 2013. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/ healthcare-associated-infections-antimicrobial-use-PPS.pdf
9. Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, Graafmans W, Attar H, Donaldson L, Pittet D. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011 Jan 15;377(9761):228-41.
10. Sensitising people about hospital- acquired infections. 09 Feb 2006 [Online]. Available from: URL: http://www.thehindu.com/2006/02/09/stories/2006020912040400.htm
11. Sarkar SK, Bhattacharyya A, Mandal SM. YnfA, a SMR family efflux pump is abundant in Escherichia coli isolates from urinary infection. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015;33(1):139-42.
12. Varughese L, Beniwal V. High quinolone resistant pattern among enteric pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. Indian J Biotechnol 2015;14:167-71.
13. Williams A, Mathai AS, Phillips AS. Antibiotic prescription patterns at admission into a tertiary level intensive care unit in Northern India. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011;3(4):531-6.
14. Somashekara SC, Deepalaxmi S, Jagannath N, Ramesh B, Laveesh MR, Govindadas D. Retrospective analysis of antibiotic resistance pattern to urinary pathogens in a tertiary care hospital in South India. J Basic Clin Pharm 2014;5(4):105-8.
15. Sharma N, Gupta A, Walia G, Bakhshi R. Pattern of Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates From Urinary Tract Infection Patients: A Three Year Retrospective Study. J App Pharm Sci, 2016; 6 (01): 062-065.
16. Antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection among inpatients Niranjan V. & Malini A. Indian J Med Res 139, June 2014, pp 945-948
17. Krishnan C, Gireeshan VK, Nimmi EJ, et al. Clinico-bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections in children and resistance pattern of uropathogens- A study from south India. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc. 2017; 4(15), 859-863. DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2017/164
18. Ray J, Paul R, Haldar A, Mondol S. A study on antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from urine specimens in Eastern India. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2015;4:1670-1674
19. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Informational Supplement. M100-S16. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2006.
20. Clinical significance of extended-spectrum β-lactamasesJesús Rodríguez-Baño & Alvaro PascualExpert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2008 Oct;6(5):671-83. doi: 10.1586/14787210.6.5.671
21. Treatment options for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC-producing bacteria Ryan G. D’Angelo, Jennifer K. Johnson, Jacqueline T. Bork & Emily L. Heil Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Vol. 17 , Iss. 7,2016
22. Chaudhury U, Aggarwal R. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)- An emerging threat to clinical therapeutics. Indian J Med Microbiol 2004;22:75–80.
23. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA: Extended spectrum β-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005, 18(4):657–686.
24. Bradford PA: Extended spectrum β-lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001, 14(4):933–951.
25. Meyer KS, Urban C, Eagan JA, Berger BJ, Rahal JJ: Nosocomial outbeak of Klebsiella infection resistant to late-generation cephalosporins. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:353–358.
26. Naumovsky L, Quinn JP, Miyashiro D, Patel M, Bush K, Singer SB, et al: Outbreak of ceftazidime resistance due to a novel extended spectrum β-lactamase in isolates from cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992, 36:1991–1996.
27. Schiappa DA, Hayden MK, Matushek MG, Hashemi FN, Sullivan J, Smith KY, et al: Ceftazidime resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli blood stream infection: a case control and molecular epidemiologic investigation. J Infect Dis 1996, 174:529–536.
28. Dugal S, Purohit H. Antimicrobial susceptibility pro le and detec- tion of extended spectrum beta-lactamase production by gram negative uropathogens. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013;5:434–8.
29. Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Hebel JR, et al.: Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Clin Infect Dis. 29:745-758 1999
30. Hooton TM: The current management strategies for community-acquired urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17:303-322 2003 12848472
31. AmpC -Lactamases George A. Jacoby* CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Jan. 2009, p. 161–182 0893-8512/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/CMR.00036-08.1. Morrissey I, Hackel M, Badal R, et al. A review of ten years of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) from 2002 to 2011. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013;6:1335–46.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.231
