References

1.      Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med.2000;160:526-530

2.      Klein, I, K. Ojamaa. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(7) :501-9

3.      Dillmann WH. Cellular action of thyroid hormone on the heart. Thyroid2002; 12:447-452.

4.      Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Fazio S. Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac function: the relative importance of heart rate, loading conditions, and myocardial contractility in the regulation of cardiac performance in human hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:968-974.

5.      Levey GS, Klein I. Disorders of the thyroid. In: Stein’s Textbook of Medicine, 2^nd ed. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co.: 1994:1383.

6.      Prisant LM, Gujral JS, Mulloy AL. Hyperthyroidism: a secondary cause of isolated systolic hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2006;8:596-599.

7.      Crowley WF Jr, Ridgway EC, Bough EW, Francis GS, Daniels GH, Kourides IA, Myers GS, Maloof F. Noninvasive evalua-tion of cardiac function in hypothyroidism. Response to gradual thyroxine replace-ment. N Engl J Med.1977;296:1-6.

8.      Klein I. Endocrine disorders and cardiovascular disease. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow R, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 7^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa. WB. Saunders;2005:2051-2065.

9.      Maia AL, Kim BW, Huang SA, Harney JW, Larsey PR. Type 2 Iodothyronin-edeiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans. J Clin Invest 2005;115:2524-2533

10.  Bianco AC, Salavatore D, Gereben B, Berry MJ, Larsen PR. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of iodothyronineselen-odeiodenases. Endocrine Rev.2002;23:38-89

11.  Everts ME, Verhoeven FA, Bezstarsti K, Moerings EP, Hennemann G, Visser TJ, Lamers JM. Uptake of thyroid hormones in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Endocrinology.1996;137: 4235-4242.

12.  Hartong R, Wang N, Kurokawa R, Lazar MA, Glass CK, Apriletti, Dillmann WH. Delineation of three different thyroid hormone- response elements in promoter of rat sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺- ATPase gene. J Biol Chem.1994; 269:13021-29.

13.  Mintz G, Pizzarello R, Klein I. Enhanced left ventricular diastolic function in hyperthyroidism: noninvasive assessment and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73: 146-150.

14.  Kiss E, Jakab G, Kranias EG, Edes I. Thyroid hormone-induced alterations in phospholamban protein expression: regulatory effects on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺transport and myocardial relaxation. Circ Res. 1994;75:245-251.

15.  Ayhan  S, Ozturk S, Dikbas O, et al. Detection of subclinical atrial dysfunction by two-dimensional echocardiography in patients with overt hyperthyroidism.Arch Cardiovasc Dis.2012 ;105(12):631-8.

16.  Tadic M, Ilic S, Cuspidi C, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism impacts left ventricular deformation: 2D and 3D echocardiographic study. Sc and Cardiovasc J. 2015 Apr;49(2):74-81.

17.  Sokmen A, Acar G, Sokmen G, et al.Evaluation of atrial electromechanical delay and diastolic functions in patients with hyperthyroidism.Echocardiography. 2013 Nov;30(10):1194-201.

18.  Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG, French JH. The incidence of thyroid     disorders in a community: a twenty year follow-up of Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 43: 55- 68.

19.  Larsen PR, Davies TF. Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 10^th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2003; 423-5.

20.  Cacciatori, V. Power spectral analysis of heart rate in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81(8): 2828-35.

21.  LeyeA , Fall S. Non iatrogenic primary hypothyroidism in adults at le dantechospital:clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Review of 19 cases. Dakar Med 2004;49(2): 110-3.

22.  Klein, I, K. Ojamaa. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(7) :501-9.

23.  Kage K, Kira Y, SekineI,et al.High incidence of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with Graves' disease detected by two-dimensional color doppler echocardiography. Intern Med.  1993 May;32(5):374-6.

24.  Merillon JP, Passa PH, Chastre J et al. Left ventricular function in hyperthyroidism. Br heart J.1981; 46:137-143.

25.  Freedberg AS. Popp JGY, Williams EMV. The effect of altered thyroid state on atrial intracellular potentials. J Physiol. 1970; 357-369.

26.  Karabag T, Dogan SM, Bayraktaroğlu T, et al. Assessment of left atrial mecha-nical functions in thyroid dysfunction.Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013;123(11):596-602.

27.  Biondi B, Palmieri E, Lombardi G, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiac function. Thyroid.2002; 12:505-510.

Corresponding Author

Ashok Duggal

Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine,

Govt. Medical College/Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Amritsar,143001, India