References
1. Seow-Choen F and Nicholls RJ. Anal fistula, Br J Surg., 1992; 79: 197-205.
2. Seow-Choen F. Relation of abscess to fistula in anal fistula, Phillips RK and Lunnis PJ (eds.). Chapman & Hall, 1996.
3. Saino P. Fistula-in-ano in a defined population: incidence and epiderniological aspects, Annales Chirurgiue et Gynaecologiae., 1984; 73: 219-24.
4. Ramanujam PS, Prasad ML and Abcarian H. Perianal abscesses and fistulas. A study of 1023 patients, Dis Colon Rectum., 1984; 27: 593-7.
5. Paks AG, Gordon PH and Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in ano, Er J Surg., 1976; 63: 1-12.
6. Chiari H. Uber die Naten Divertikelder Recttumschleimhaut und ihre Beziehung zu den Anal ftsteln, Med Jahrbucher Wien., 1880; 8: 419- 27.
7. Herrmann G and Desfossess L. Bur la muquese de la region doacale durectum, Comptes Rend Acad Sci (III)., 1880; 90: 1301-2.
8. Lockhart-Mummery JP. Discussion on fistula-inano, Proc R Soc Med., 1929; 22: 1331-41.
9. Rankin FW, Bergen JA and Buie LA. The colon, rectum and anus. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1932.
10. Tucker CC and Hellwig CA. Histopathology of anal glands, Surg Gynecol Obstet., 1933; 58: 145-9.
11. Seow-Choen F and Ho JMS. Recent insights into anal glands, Dis Colon Rectum., 1994; 37: 24.
12. Grace RH, Harper IA and Thompson RG. Anorectal sepsis; microbiology in relation to fistula-in-ano, Br} Surg.,1982;69:401-3.
13. Seow-Choen F, Leong AFPK and Goh HS. Acute anal pain due to ingested bone, fnt j Colorectal Dis., 1991; 6: 21-3.
14. Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and physiology of defectation. VI. The central abscess: a new clinopathological entity in the genesis of anorectal suppuration, Dis Colan & Rectum., 1979; 22: 336-41,
15. Hiller RJ. The anal sphincter and the pathogenesis of anal fissure and fistula, Surg Gynecol Obstet., 1931; 52: 921-40.
16. B. Seow-Choen F, Hay AJ, Heard S and Phillips RKS. Bacteriology of anal fistula, Br J Surg., 1992;79: 27-8.
17. McColl I. The comparative anatomy and pathology of anal glands, Ann R Coil Surg Engl., 1967; 40: 36- 67.
18. Seow-Choen F and Nicholls RJ. Anal fistula, Br} Surg., 1992; 79: 197-205.
19. Sainio P. Fistula-in-ano in a defined population: incidence and epi-demiological aspects, Ann Chir Gynaecol., 1984; 73: 219-24.
20. Parks AG, Gordon PH and Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in-ano, Br / Surg., 1976; 63: 1-12.
21. Hanley PH. Reflections on anorectal abscess fistula: 1984, Dis Colon Rectum., 1985; 28: 528-33.
22. Parks AG, Gordon PH and Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in-ano, BrJSurg., 1976; 63: 1-12.
23. Edward S. On some of the rarer forms of rectal fistulae, Lancet., 1887; 1089.
24. Weisman RI, Orsay CP, Pearl RK and Abcarian H. The role of fistulography in fistula-in-ano, Dis Colon Rectum., 1991; 34: 181.
25. Law TJ, Talbot RW, Bartram CI and Northover JMA. Anal endosonog-raphy in the evaluation of perianal sepsis and fistula-in-ano, Br j Surg., 1989; 76: 752-5.
26. Cirocco WC and Reilly JC. Challenging the predictive accuracy of Goodsall's rule for anal fistulas, Dis Colon Rectum., 1992; 35: 537-42.
27. Kuypers JHC. Diagnosis and treatment of fistula-inano, Neth J Surg., 1982; 34: 147-52.
28. Seow-Choen S, Burnett S, Bartram CI et a!. Comparison between anal endoson-ography and digital examination in the evaluation of anal fistulae, Br J Surg., 1991.
29. Law PJ, Talbot RW, Bartram CI et al. Anal endosonography in the evaluation of perianal sepsis and fistula-in-ano, Br / Surg., 1989; 76: 752-5.
30. Deen KI, Williams JG, Hutchinson R et al. Fistulas in ano: endoanal ultrasonographic assessment assists decision making for surgery. Gut., 1994; 35: 391-4.
31. Cheong DMO, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD and Jagelman DG. Anal endosonography for recurrent anal fistulas: image enhancement with hydrogen peroxide, Dis Colon Rectum., 1993; 36: 1158-60.
32. Lunniss PJ, Armstrong P, Barker PG et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of anal fistulae, Lancet., 1992; 340: 394-6.
33. Barker PG, Lunniss PJ, Armstrong P et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of fistula-in-ano: technique, interpretation and accuracy, Clin Radial., 1994; 49: 7-13.
34. Beckingham IJ, Spencer JA, Ward J et al. Prospective evaluation of dynamic contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of fistula-in-ano, Br J Surg., 1996; 83: 1396-8.
35. Lunniss PJ, Barker PG, Sultan AH et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of fistula-in-ano, Dis Colon Rectum., 1994; 37: 708-18.
36. Chappie KS, Spencer JA, Windsor ACJ et al. Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of fistula-in-ano, Dis Colon Rectum., 2000; 43: 511-16.
37. Kuijpers HC and Schulpen T. Fistulo-graphy for fistula-in-ano: is it useful? Dis Colon Rectum., 1985; 28: 103-4.
38. Weisman RI, Orsay CP, Pearl RK et al. The role of fistulography in fistula-in-ano: report of five cases, Dis Colon Rectum., 1991; 34: 181-4.
39. Halligan S. Imaging fistula-in-ano, Clin Radial., 1998; 53: 85-95.
40. Sainio P A manometric study of anorectal function after surgery for anal fistula, with special reference to incontinence, Ada Chir Scand., 1985; 151: 695- 700.
41. Lunniss PJ, Kamm MA and Phillips RKS. Factors affecting continence after surgery for anal fistula, Br J Surg.,1994;81:1382-5.
42. Pescatori M, Marin G, Anastasio G and Rinallo L. Anal manometry improves the outcome of surgery for fistula-in-ano, Dis Colon Rectum., 1989; 32: 588-92.
43. Eisenhammer S. Advances in anorectal surgery with special reference to amul-atory treatment, S Afr Med.,1954; 28: 264.
44. Seow-Choen F. Relation of abscess to fistula in anal fistula. Phillips RKS and Lunnis PI (eds.), Chapman and Hall, 1996.
45. Seow-Choen F, Leong AFPK and Goh HS. Result of a policy of selective immediate fistulotomy for primary anal abscess, Aust NZ / Surg., 1993; 63: 485-90
46. Tang CL, Chew SP and Seow-Choen F. Prospective randomised trial of drainage alone vs drainage and fistulotomy for acute perianal abscesses with proven internal opening, Dis Colon Rectum., 1996; 39: 1415-17.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.48
