References
1. World Health Organization, Diabetes Mellitus Fact Sheet No. 138, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016.
2. M. Cnop, N. Welsh, J.-C. Jonas, A. Jörns, S. Lenzen, and D. L. Eizirik, “Mechanisms of pancreatic β-cell death in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: many differences, few similarities,” Diabetes, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. S97–S107, 2005.
3. J. L. Evans, I. D. Goldfine, B. A. Maddux, and G. M. Grodsky, “Are oxidative stress activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfuncti-on?” Diabetes, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2003.
4. R. A. Simmons, “Developmental origins of diabetes: the role of oxidative stress,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 917–922, 2006.
5. M. D. Ivorra, M. Payá, and A. Villar, “A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 243–275, 1989.
6. Banerjee, S.K., Maulik, S.K., 2002. Effect of onion on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutrition Journal 1 (4), 1–14.
7. Reaven, E., Wright, D., Mondon, C.E., Solomon, R., Ho, H., Reaven,G.M., 1983. Effect of age and diet on insulin secretion and insulin action in the rat. Diabetes 32, 175–180.
8. Sanchez, F.D., Game, M.J., Jimenez, I., Zarzuelo, A., 1994. Hypoglycemic activity of Juniperus‘‘Berries’’. Plant Medicine 60, 197–200.
9. Griffiths, G., Trueman, L., Crowther, T., Thomas, B., 2002. Onions: a global benefit to health. Phytotherapy Research 17 (7), 603–615.
10. Augusti, K.T., 1996. Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian Journal of Experime-ntal Biology 34, 634–640.
11. Bonaventure Chukwunonso Obi, 1 Theop-hine Chinwuba Okoye,1 Victor Eshu Okpashi, 2 Christiana Nonye Igwe,3 and Edwin Olisah Alumanah2., 2016. Diabetes Research 2016, Article ID 1635361, 5 pages
12. AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Anal-ysis of the Association of Official Anal-ytical Agricultural Chemists, 13th ed. Ben-jamin, Franklin Station, Washington, DC.
13. Reitman, S., Frankel, S.A., 1957. Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 28, 56–63.
14. Cabaud, P.C., Wroblewski, F., 1958. Calorimetric measurement of lactate dehydrogenase activity of body fluids. Journal of Clinical Pathology 30, 234–236
15. Principato, G.B., Asia, M.C., Talesa, V., Rosi, G., Giovannini, E.,1985. Characte-rization of the soluble alkaline phosphatase from hepatopancreas of Squilla mantis L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 80B, 801–804.
16. Moss, D.W., 1984. In: Bergmeyer, H.U. (Ed.), third ed., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, vol. 4 Verlag-Chemie, pp. 92–106.
17. Habig, W.H., Pabst, M.J., Jakoby, W.B., 1974. Glutathione Stransferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249, 7130–7139.
18. Tappel, A.L., Zalkin, H., 1959. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in mitochondria by vitamin E. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 80, 333–336.
19. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 269–275.
20. Trinder, P., 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 6, 24–27.
21. Patton, C.J., Crouch, S.R., 1977. Spectrop-hotometeric and kinetics investigation of the Berthelot reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry 49, 464–469.
22. Henry, R.J., Cannon, D.C., Winkelman, J.W., 1974. Clinical Chemistry Principles and Techniques, 11th ed. Happer and Row Publishers, New York, p. 1629.
23. Pearlman, F.C., Lee, R.T.Y., 1974. Detection and measurement of total bilirubin in serum, with use of surfactants as solubilizing agents. Clinical Chemistry 20, 447–453.
24. Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., 1981. Principle and Procedure of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach, second ed. Mc Gvaus-Hill Booh Company, New York, US.
25. SAS, Statistical Analysis System., 1986. SAS User_s Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
26. Augusti, K.T., Sheela, C.G., 1996. Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, a insulin secretagogue, in diabetic rats. Experientia 52, 115–120.
27. Campos, K.E., Diniz, Y.S., Cataneo, A.C., Faine, L.A., Alves, M.J.,Novelli, E.L., 2003. Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 54 (3), 241–246.
28. F. M. El-Demerdash, M. I. Yousef, and N. I. A. El-Naga, “Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 57–63, 2005.\
29. Kumar, G.R., Reddy, K.P., 1999. Reduced nociceptive responses in mice with alloxan induced hyperglycemia after onion (Allium cepa) treatment. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 37, 662–666.
30. Jain, R.C., Vyas, C.R., 1975. Onion in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28, 684–685.
31. Tjokroprawiro, A., Pikir, B.S., Budhiarta, A.A., Pranawa, S.H,Donosepoetro, M., Budhianto, F.X., Wibowo, J.A., Tanuwidjaja, M., Pangemanan, M., 1983. Metabolic effects of onion and green beans on diabetic patients. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 141, 671–676.
32. E. E. J. Iweala and C. U. Okeke, “Compar-ative study of the hypoglycemic and biochemical effects of Catharanthu-srose-us (Linn) G. apocynaceae (Madag-ascar periwig-ggnkle) and chlorpropamide (diab-inese) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats,” Biokemistri, vol 17, no. 2, pp 149–156, 2005
33. Mathew, P.T., Augusti, K.T., 1973. Studies on the effect of onion (diallyldisul-phide-oxide) on alloxan diabetes l. Hypoglycaemic action and enhancement of serum insulin effect and glycogen synthesis. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 10, 209– 212.
34. Kumari, K., Augusti, K.T., 2002. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from onions (Allium cepa Linn) as compared to standard drugs in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40, 1005–1009
35. Almdal, T.P., Vilstrup, H., 1988. Strict insulin treatment normalizes the organic nitrogen contents and the capacity of urea–N synthesis in experimental diabetes in rats. Diabetologica 31, 114–118.
36. Babu, P.S., Srinivasan, K., 1999. Renal lesions in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats maintained on onion and capsaicin containing diets. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 10 (8), 477–483
37. Badr El-Din, N.K., 1997. Effect of panaxginsing extract on the nephrotoxicity of streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes. Egyptian Journal Biochemistry 15 (1 and 2), 29–52.
38. Dubey, G.P., Dixit, S.P., Singh, A., 1994. Alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits and effect of a herbal formulation D-400. Indi-an Journal of Pharmacology 26(3),225–226.
39. Larcan, A., Lambert, H., Laprevote-Heully, M.C., Delorme, N., 1979. Light and electron microscopic study of hepatic lesions in the course of hyperlactatemia in diabetic patients. Diabetes Metabolism 5, 103–112.
40. Navarro, C.M., Montilla, P.M., Martin, A., Jimenez, J., Utrilla, P.M., 1993. Free radicals scavenger and antihepatotoxic activity of Rosmarinus. Plant Medicine 59, 312–314.
41. Ohaeri, O.C., 2001. Effect of onion oil on the levels of various enzyme in the serum and tissue of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Bioscience and Reproduction 21, 19–24.
42. Rana, S.V., Rekha, S., Seema, V., 1996. Protective effects of few antioxidants on liver function in rats treated with cadmium and mercury. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 34, 177–179.
43. Baynes, J.W., Thorpe, S.R., 1999. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Diabetes 48, 1–9.
44. W. Zheng and S. Y. Wang, “Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 5165–5170, 2001
45. O. O. Erejuwa, S. A. Sulaiman, M. S. Abdul Wahab, S. K. N. Salam, M. S. M. Salleh, and S. Gurtu, “Antioxidant protective effect of glibenclamide and metformin in combination with honey in pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diab-etic rats,” International Journal of Molec-ular Sciences, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 2056–2066, 2010.
46. M. M. Ahmed, A. E. Ahmed, S. A. G. Hala, M. M. Gehan, and A. A. Fahad, “Protective effects of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, against oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rats,” International Journal of PharmTech Research, vol 3, no 3, pp 1780–1795, 2011.
47. C. A. Onyeka, A. A. Nwakanma, A. A. Bakare et al., “Hypoglycemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of ethanolic root bark extract of Chrysophyllumal-bidum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats,” Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 298–304, 2013
48. D. Pitocco, F. Zaccardi, E. Di Stasio et al., “Oxidative stress, nitric oxide, and diabetes,” Review of Diabetic Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 15–25, 2010
49. P. Pavana, S. Sethupathy, K. Santha, and S. Manoharan, “Effects of Tephrosiapur-purea aqueous seed extract on blood glucose and antioxidant enzyme activities in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats,” African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medic-ines, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 78–86, 2009
50. Ji, X., Zhang, P., Armstrong, R.N., Gilliland, G.L., 1992. The Threedimens-ional structure of a glutathione S-transfe-rase from the Mu gene class. Structural analysis of the binary complex of isoenzyme 3-3 and glutathione at 2.2-A˚ resolution. Biochemistry 31, 10169– 10184.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i1.135
