Title: In-Vitro Screening of Phyllanthus Amarus and Eclipta Alba Against Leptospira Autumnalis
Authors: Arthi Mohan, Saradhai Pandurangan, Saravanan Ramalingam
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i5.38
Background and Study Aims: Multi-drug resistance is one of the major public health problems especially in developing countries where relatively easy availability and higher consumption of medicines have lead to disproportionately higher incidence of inappropriate use of antibiotics and greater levels of resistance compared to developed countries. Leptospirosis is the most wide spread zoonoses in the world and recognized as an important public health problem. Aim and Methods: To extract and identify some phytochemicals from the commonly available and widely studied Indian medicinal plants (Phyllanthus amarus and Eclipta alba) with anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective and renoprotective properties and also to conduct an anti-leptospiral susceptibility study on MIC of a most common Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis following the standard TDT. Results: The present study revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes and anthraquinones in the leaves of these plants extracts thereby exhibiting anti-leptospiral activity. The drug dose concentration the extracts of P. amarus was found to be having a better active principle (160 μg/ml) than the extracts of E. alba (320 μg/ml). Keywords: Leptospira autumnalis, P. amarus, E. alba, Tube dilution technique. Abbrevations: TDT= Tube Dilution Technique, MIC= Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. 1. Isa SE, Onyedibe KI, Okolo MO, Abiba, AE, Mafuka JS, et al., (2014). “A 21-Year-old student with fever and profound jaundice”. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8: e2534. 2. Parasuraman B, Pichai K, and Karumana GK. “Study on the Prevalence of Leptospirosis among fever cases reported from private clinics in the urban areas of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, India”. Osong Pub. Health Res. Perspectives. 2014; 5: 54–67. 3. Calvo-Cano A, Aldasoro E, Ramírez MF, et al “Two cases of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in travellers returning to Spain from Thailand, September 2013”. Euro Surveill. 2014; 19: 1-3. 4. Kumar SG, Adithan C, Harish BN, Sujatha S, Gautam R and Malini A. (2013). “Antimicrobial resistance in India: A review”. J Nat Sci Bio Med. 2013; 4: 286–91. 5. Chakraborty A, Satoshi M, Sharon YAM, et al. “In-vitro sensitivity and resistance of 46 Leptospira strains isolated from rats in the Philippines to 14 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010; 54: 5403-05. 6. Maity T, Pahari N, Bera K and Chakraborty M. “Recent development in herbal drug research for global health care. World J Pharmceutical Res. 2013; 2: 838-54. 7. Sadiaque J, Rqobab NA, Bughaith MF and Gindey AR. “The bioactivity of certain medicinal plants on the stabilization of RBC membrane system”. Fitoterapia. 1989; 1: 525-32. 8. Parekh J, Nair R and Chanda S. “Preliminary screening of some folklore medicinal plants from western India for potential antimicrobial activity”. Indian J Pharmacol. 2005; 37: 408-09. 9. Evans WC. “Textbook of Pharmacognosy”. 13th ed., Cambridge University Press, London.1989. 10. Sofowora A. “Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa”. Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria.1993. 11. Oie S, Hironaga K, Koshiro A, Konishi H and Yoshii Z. “In-vitro susceptibilities of five leptospira strains to 16 antimicrobial agents”. Antimicrobl Agents and Chemother. 1983; 24: 905-08. 12. Mathew LM. “Comparative analysis of Acetone, Water and Saponified extracts of Phyllanthus niruri against Leptospirainterrogans serogroups in- vitro (Dissertation)”. Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India. 13. Ben-yaacov R, Knoller S and Pierard GM. “Drug resistance capability of the pathogenic microbes in-vitro”. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994; 38: 422-26. 14. Dahanukar SA, Kulkarni RA, Rege RE. “Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products. Indian Jour of Pharmacol. 2000; 32: 81-118. 15. Babatunde SK, Abubakare AA, Abdulraheem, YJ and Ajiboye, EA. “Antimicrobial activity of Phyllanthus amarus on some human intestinal facultatively anaerobic flora. Internl. J. Med. Biomed. Res. 2014; 3: 52-7. 16. Okolo SC, Okoh-Esene RU, Ikokoh PP, Olajide OO and Anjorin ST. “Phytochemicals, mineral content and antimicrobial screening of Phyllanthus amarus in Abuja, Nigeria”. J Microbiol Biotech Res. 2012; 2: 17-22. 17. Nelson J, Chairman K, RanjitSingh AJA, Padmalatha C and Hepsibah B. “Cytomorphological Changes and Inhibition of Inclusion Body Formation in Leptospira interrogans on Treatment with the Extracts of Adhatoda vasica”. Adv Tech Biol Med. 2013; 1: 1-4. 18. Seesom W, Jaratrungtawee A, Suksamrarn S, Mekseepralard C, et al.,. “Anti-leptospiral activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana and synergy of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G”. BMC Compl Altern Med. 2013; 13: 182. 19. Prabhu N, Innocent JP, Chinnaswamy P, Natarajaseenivasan K and Sarayu L. “In-vitro evaluation of Eclipta alba against serogroups of Leptospira interrogans”. Indian J Pharma Sci. 2008; 70: 788-91.Abstract
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