Title: Challenges of Clinical Psychology and Penitentiary System: Recidivism versus Reformation
Authors: Hena Fatma, Dr Munawwar Husain
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i6.05
Worldwide, prison system has been established to in incarcerate offenders with two fold objectives. One to segregate the convict from the society, and two to give him sufficient time to pore over repeatedly about his misdeed and demonstrate amplified inclination to reform himself. Since time immemorial prison system has been adjudged to be reformative in nature. Put plainly the convict as a criminal should be put behind bars. However, studies have demonstrated that with the current punitive system the rate of recidivism is quite high which indicate that the penitentiary system has failed in its objective. New experiments were done to tone up the prison and let the prisoners contribute better and fully in the society. As an alternate mechanism the open jail system was mooted. In this paper the author has undertaken a contrasted analysis between rate of recidivism in high security prison and relatively open system of incarceration. Bolivian prison system is supposed to be most relaxed system in this world. Therefore, in the current paper this prison system would be examined and quoted. Keywords: Penitentiary system, open jail, retributive, reformation, Bolivian jail system 1. Text and Photograph: Rafeal Estefania, BBC Munda‘‘India- The Penal System’’. Country data.com. Retrieved 4 June 2013. 2. All India Committee On Jail Reforms (1980-83). 3. ‘‘Millbank Prison’’, Handbook of London, 1850 And Evans 1982,p. 249 4. Metzner JL: Class action litigation in correctional psychiatry. J Am Acad. Psychiatry Law 2002; 30: 19–29. 5. Lester D: Prison suicide rates by state from 1984–1993. Psychology Rep 1998; 83: 514. 6. Anno BJ: Patterns of suicide in the Texas Department of Corrections. J Prison Jail Health 1985; 5: 82–93. 7. Salive ME, S. GS, Brewer TF: Death in prison: changing mortality patterns among male prisoners in Maryland, 1979–87. Am J Public Health 1990; 80 : 1479–80 8. Snow L, Paton J, Oram C, Teers R. Self- inflicted deaths during 2001: an analysis of trends. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 2002; 4(4): 3-17. 9. Fruehwald S, Frottier P. Suicide in prison. Lancet, 2005; 366: 1242-1244. 10. Jenkins R, Bhugra D, Meltzer H, et al. Psychiatric and social aspects of suicidal behaviour in prisons. Psychol Med 2005; 35: 257-269. 11. Pratt D, Piper M, Appleby L, Webb R, Shaw J. Suicide in recently released prisoners: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2006; 368: 119-123. 12. Haycock J: Capital crimes: suicides in jail. Death Stud 15:41 Liebling A: Suicides in young prisoners: a summary. Death Stud 1993; 17: 13. Kerkhof AJ, Bernasco W: Suicidal behavior in jails and prisons in the Netherlands: incidence, characteristics and prevention. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1990; 20: 123–37. 14. Fruehwald S, Eher R, Frottier P: What was the relevance of previous suicidal behavior in prison suicides? Can J Psychiatry 46:763, 2001. 15. He XY, Felthous AR, Holzer CE, et al: Factors in prison suicide: one year study in Texas. J Forensic Sci 2001; 46: 896–901. 16. Daniel AE, Flemming J: Suicides in a state correctional system 1992–2002. J Correct Health Care 2006; 12: 24–35. 17. Topp DO: Suicide in prison. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134: 24–7. 18. Novick LF, Remmlinger E: A study of 128 deaths in New York City correctional facilities (1971–1976): implications for prisoner health care. Med Care 1978; 16: 749–56. 19. Flaherty MG: An assessment of the national incidence of juvenile suicide in adult jails, lockups and juvenile detention centers. Community Research forum, prepared for the U.S. Department of Justice. Urbana- Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, 1980. 20. Bourgoin N: Mortality due to suicide in prison. Rev EpidemiolSantePublique 1993; 41: 146–54. 21. White TW, Schimmel DJ, Frickey R: A comprehensive analysis of suicide in federal prisons: a fifteen-year review. J Correct Health Care 2002; 9: 321–45. 22. Redding RE: Depression in jailed women defendants and its relationship to their adjudicative competence. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1997; 25: 105–19. 23. Ivanoff A, Jang SJ: The role of hopelessness and social desirability in predicting suicidal behavior: a study of prison inmates. J Consult Clinical Psychol 1991; 59: 394–9. 24. Felthous AR: Preventing jailhouse suicide. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1994; 22: 477–88. 25. Kerkhof AJ, Bernasco W: Suicidal behavior in jails and prisons in the Netherlands: incidence, characteristics and prevention. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1990; 20: 123–37. 26. Sinha R, Easton C: Substance abuse and criminality. J Am Academic Psychiatry Law 1999; 27: 513–26 27. Shaw J, Baker D, Hunt IM, Moloney A, Appleby L. Suicide by prisoners: national clinical survey. Br J Psychiatry, 2004; 184: 263–267. 28. Marcus P, Alcabes P. Characteristics of suicides by inmates in an urban jail. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1993; 44: 256-261. 29. United States Department States, 2011 Country Reports On human Rights Practice- Bolivia, 24 May 2012. 30. Johri, Vikram, ‘‘Alexia de Tocqueville: The first French Critic of the US’’. The Christian Sceince Monitor. Retrieved 22 April 2011. 31. American Expectation: inmates Courts in US Dwarfs Other Nations, The New York Times. April 22, 2008: page, Section A, Front Page. 32. Garner, A. (2008). Recidivism Rates Compared 2005-2007. Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Correction. 33. Estefania, Rafael: ‘‘Photo Journal: inside Bolivia Jail.’’ BBC Mundo. Retrieved 2008-12-19 34. Young, Rusty (4 october 2003). ‘‘Bolivia-San Pedro.’’ ABC Outline. Retrieved 2008-12-19 35. Estefania, Rafael: ‘‘Photo Journal: inside Bolivia Jail.’’ BBC Mundo. Retrieved 2008-12-19 36. Durose, Mattew R., Alexia D. Cooper, and Howard N. Snyder, Recidivism of prisoners Released in 30 states in 2005, Pattern from 2005 to 2010, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special report, April 2014, NCJ 244205. 37. Mc- Guire J, Bilby CA, Hatcher RM, Hollin CR, Hounsome j, Palmer EJ, Evaluation of structure cognitive-behavioral treatment programme in reducing criminal recidivism. J, exp. Criminal. 2008; 4(1):21-40. 38. Ministry of justice. Compendium of re-offending statistics and analysis. London: Ministry of justice 2012. 39. Andersem SN, Skardhamar T. Pick a number: Mapping recidivism measure and their consequences Oslo. Statistics Norway Discussion Papers; 2014 40. Durose, Mattew R., Alexia D. Cooper, and Howard N. Snyder, Recidivism of prisoners Released in 30 states in 2005, Pattern from 2005 to 2010, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, April 2014, NCJ 244205.Abstract
References