Abstract

 Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with excessive cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.^1,2 Anaemia is common among those with diabetes and CKD and greatly contributes to patient outcomes.^3,4 Observational studies indicate that low Hb levels in such patients may increase risk for progression of kidney disease and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.⁵ Controlled clinical trials of anemia treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) demonstrated improved quality of life (QOL) but have not demonstrated improved outcomes. ^6,7 In some trials, ESA treatment for high Hb levels is associated with worse outcomes such as increased thrombosis risk.^6,8 Consequently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) have modified their recommendations regarding anemia treatment for CKD patients.⁹

The objectives of this review are.

1) To evaluate the presence of anaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. And

2) To study the effect of anaemia and its complications in diabetes mellitus.

Methods: The present study is a prospective observational study designed to evaluate the presence of anaemia, effect and complications in diabetes mellitus.

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