Details
Category: Volume 10 Issue 03 March 2022
Hits: 553

Title: A Case Study of Drug Resistance Extra Pulmonary TB and HIV: A Deadly Syndemic with Co morbidity of Diabetes and COVID-19

Authors: Dr Rajendra Nanavare, Dr Rajendran R., Dr Namrata Kaur Bhui

 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v10i3.24

Abstract

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the top infectious killer, ranking above HIV/AIDS, with 10.0 million cases and 1.4 million deaths in 2018[1]. Tuberculosis [TB] has been a major cause of suffering and death since times immemorial. Thought to be one of the oldest human diseases, the history of TB is at least as old as the mankind. Over the years, not only the medical implications but also the social and economic impact of TB has been enormous.[2]

1882 Sir Robert Koch announced the discovery of the tubercle bacillus during the monthly evening meeting of the Berlin Physiological Society. In 1905, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contributions in the field of TB research(3). In 1982, a century after Dr Koch's announcement, the World Health Organization [WHO] and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease [IUATLD], now called The Union proposed the 24th March as the “World TB Day” as a part of a year-long centennial effort under the theme “Defeat TB: Now and Forever.” Thereafter, since 1996, 24th March is celebrated as “World TB Day” every year(2).

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent, usually affects the lungs (pulmonary TB/PTB). However, MTB may spread through lymphatic or hematogenous routes to virtually any organ in the body, resulting in extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The most common sites of EPTB infection include peripheral lymph nodes, pleura, genitourinary sites, bones and joints, abdomen (peritoneum and gastrointestinal tract), and the central nervous system.(1)

References

  1. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 [Internet]. [Cited 8 March 2020]. Available online: https://www.who.int/tb/global-report-2019 (accessed on 28 May 2020).
  2. Text book of Tuberculosis Ed 3, History
  3. Daniel TM. The history of tuberculosis. Respir Med 2006;100: 1862-70.
  4. Tuberculosis Country Profile-India. [Last accessed on 2017 Dec 24]. Available from: https://www.extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=IN&LAN=EN&outtype=html .
  5. Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 2016 Update. [Last accessed on 2017 Apr 07]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/mdr/mdr_tb_factsheet.pdf?ua=1 .
  6. Nair, D.; Velayutham, B.; Kannan, T.; Tripathy, J.P.; Harries, A.D.; Natrajan, M.; Swaminathan, S. Predictors of unfavourable treatment outcome in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India. Public Health Action 2017, 7, 32–38.
  7. Singh, P.K.; Jain, A. Epidemiological perspective of drug resistant extrapulmonary tuberculosis. World J. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015, 5, 77.
  8. TB and COVID-19: paying attention to diabetes mellitus. Anthony D Harries 1 2, Ajay M V Kumar 1 3 4, Srinath Satyanarayana 1 3, Yan Lin 1, Riitta A Dlodlo 1, Mohammed Khogali 5, Rony Zachariah 5, Anil Kapur 6.
  9. Patel JC. Complications in 8793 cases of diabetes mellitus 14 years study in Bombay Hospital, Bombay, India. Indian J Med Sci 1989;43:177-83.
  10. Bashar M, Alcabes P, Rom WN, Condos R. Increased incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in diabetic patients on the Bellevue Chest Service, 1987 to 1997. Chest 2001;120:1514-9.
  11. Singla R, Khan N. Does diabetes predispose to the development of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? Chest 2003;123:308-9.
  12. Dooley KE, Tang T, Golub JE, Dorman SE, Cronin W. Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;80:634-9.
  13. Global TB report 2021.

Corresponding Author

Dr Rajendran R.

Chest Physician Group of TB Hospitals Sewri Mumbai