Details
Category: Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2019
Hits: 1193

Title: Comparative Analysis of Some Cardiovascular Parameters in Medical Students of Pamo University of Medical Sciences

Authors: Umoren E.B., Etim, O. E., Kolawale, T.A.,  Ekpenyong J.F.

 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i10.37

Abstract

  

The effect of exercise on Blood Pressure (BP), Heart rate (HR) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in 60 young medical students (30 females and 30 males) with Body Mass Index greater than 30 were studied. The subjects were in the age range of 19-23 years with mean age of 22.30±1.4 years. Blood pressure was measured, using the sphygmomanometer/ ausculatory method. Heart rate was determined from palpitating the radial pulse. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was compared between the male and female students. The result showed that the female systolic and diastolic blood pressure was higher (120/85 mmHg) as compared to the male group with (90/62 mmHg). Pulse pressure and MAP were also higher in female (72.03±1.87) and (75.10 ±1.89) respectively as compared to the male group with (72.07 ± 1.57) and (72.20 ± 1.59) respectively. Blood pressure responses to different body postures shows a significant increase (P<0.05) in the female students as compared to their male counterpart. BMI in the male students showed an increase of (22.75 ± 0.48 kg/m2) as compared to the female students with (21.94 ± 0.68 kg/m2) BMI. From the results obtained, it was observed that the carotid pulse, radial pulse, blood pressure, heart rate and mean arterial pressure in female subject at different body postures was significantly higher (P< 0.05) when compared to their female counterpart. This may be attributed to the size of their heart which is typically smaller in females than in males. However, this difference was not statistically significant when compared with the normal standard values. Results also showed that height, body weight, and BMI for the male subject were higher, though not statistically significant when compared to the female subject. In conclusion, the values obtained in assessing the various cardiovascular parameters in our subjects under investigation appeared normal when compared to standard values. This implies that the subjects are healthy and clinically fit to undergo and complete their chosen area of studies. They are also not prone to obesity, a situation that may predispose them to hypertension, cardiovascular complications and other health problems in future which may result in abrupt cessation of studies.

Keyword: Blood pressure, Heart rate, Body mass index, Hypertension, PAMO University Students of medical Sciences.

References

  1. Barlow, S.E. and Dietz, W.H. (1998): Obesity evaluation and treatment: expert committee recommendations. Pediatrics. 102: E29
  2. Birch, L.L. and Fisher, J.O. (1998): Development of eating behaviors among adolescents. Pediatrics. 101:539-549
  3. Campbell, N.R., Lackland, D.T., Lisheng, L., Niebylski, M.L., Nilssson, P.M. and Zhang, X.H. (2015): “Using the global burden of disease study to assist development of nation-specific fact sheets to promote prevention and control            of hypertension and reduction in dietary salt: a resource from the World Hypertension League”. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 17(3): 165 – 7.
  4. Carretero, O.A. and Oparil, S. (2000): “Essential hypertension. Part 1: definition and         etiology”. Circulation. 101(3): 329-35.
  5. Cassono, P.A. (1990): Body fat distribution blood pressure, and hypertension: a    prospective cohort study of men in the normative aging study. Ann      Epidemiol.       1:33-48.
  6. CDC (2015): High blood pressure fact sheet”. Archived from original on 28 August, 2019. Retrieved 28 August, 2019
  7. Dietz, W.H. (1998): Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood and pediatrics of adult disease. Pediatrics. 101: 503-525
  8. Edwin R. (2017): Pediatric Hypertension. Drugs & Diseaess > Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine. Updated  3-9-2017 Retrieved 20-9-          2019
  9. Hernandorena, I., Duron, E., Vidal, J.S. and Hanon, O. (2017): “Treatment  options and considerations for hypertensive patients to prevent dementia”. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy (Review). 18(10): 989 – 1000.
  10. Hirsch, J.L. and Bathchelor, B. (1976): Adipose tissue cellularity and human obesity. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 5: 299-315
  11. James, P.A., Oparil, S., Carter, B.L., Cushman, W.C., Dennison-Himmelfarb, C. Handler, J., Lackland, D.T., LeFevre, M.L., Mackenzie, T.D., Ogedegbe,             O., Smith, S.C., Svetkey, L.P., Taler, S.J., Townsend, R.R., Wright, J.T., Narva, A.S., and Ortiz, E. (2014): “2014 evidence based guideline for the management             of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to         the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)”. JAMA. 311(5): 507-20.
  12. Julius, S., Valentini, M. and Palatini, P. (2000): Overweight and hypertension: a 2-way      street? Hypertension. 35: 807-825
  13. Katherine, H. (2011): Jumping Heartbeat: Exercise Your Pulse. Bring Science Home. National Science Education Standards: Personal Health Activity 17. Archived from the original on 24-5-2019 Retrieved 22-9-2019
  14. Kathleen, M.Z. (2006): How accurate is Body Mass Index, or BMI? New England Journal of Medicine
  15. Lackland, D.T. and Weber, M.A. (2015): “Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: hypertension at the core”. The Canadian journal of            cardiology. 31(5): 569-71
  16. Lau, D.H., Nattel, S., Kalman, J.M. and Sanders, P. (2017): “Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation”. Cirulation (Review). 136(6): 583 – 596.
  17. Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redon, J., Zanchetti, A., Bohm and M. (2013): “2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)”. European Heart Journal. 34(28): 2159 – 219.
  18. Mendis, S., Puska, P. and Norrving, B. (2011): Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control (PDF) (1st edn.). Geneva: World Federation and the World Stroke Organization. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from    the original on 28-8-2019 Retrieved 28-8-2019
  19. Must, A. and Strauss, R.S. (1999): Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. The International Journal of Obesity. 23: S2-S11
  20. Muyumba E.K., Dophra, N.N., Clarence, K.M., Jacques, M.M., Placide, K.K. Christian N.K., Oscar, N.L. Francoise, K.J. Justin, K.K., Olivier, M. and Weili,   Y. (2018): Oscillometric blood pressure by age and height for non overweight  children and adolescents in Lumbumbasi, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 18: 9
  21. Naish, J. and Court, D.S. (2014): “Hypertension” Medical Sciences (2nd ed.) pp      562.
  22. Ogden, C.L. (2002): Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. Journal of the American Medical Association 288: 1728-1732
  23. Pickering, T.G. and Hum J. (1997): The effects of environmental and lifestyle factors        on blood pressure and the intermediary role of the sympathetic nervous system.
  24. Poulter, N.R., Prabhakaran, D., and Caulifield, M. (2015): “Hypertension”. Lancet            386(9995): 801-12.
  25. Rana, J.S. (2007): Cardiovascular metabolic syndrome – and interplay of obesity, inflammation, diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Obes Metab
  26. Rosenbaun, M. and Liebel, R. (1998): Pathophysiology of childhood obesity Advance Pediatrics. 35: 73-137
  27. Stamler, R. (1978): Weight and blood pressure findings in hypertension screening of         1 million Americans. JAMA 240: 1607-1610
  28. Warren Rosenberg: What is the difference between male and female Heart Rates? “American Heart Association: Heart Information”. Archived from       the original on 28        August, 2019. Retrieved 28 August, 2019 https://www.livestrong.com>article
  29. Whelton, P.K., Carey, R.M., Aronow, W.S., Casey, D.E., Collins, K.J., Dennison,             Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S.M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K.A., Jones D.W., MacLaughlin, E.J., Muntner, P., Ovbiagele, B., Smith, S.C.,            Spencer, C.C.,             Stafford, R.S., Taler, S.J., Thomas, R.J., Williams, K.A., Williamson, J.D., Wright,    J.T. (2017): ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPS/NMA/PCNA    Guideline for the prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of   high     blood pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of       cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice       guidelines”. Hypertension. 71(6): e13-1115 doi: 10.1161/ HYP.   0000000000000065. PMID    29133356
  30. World Health Organization (2004): Obesity and endocrine disease. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 32(4): 895 – 914
  31. World Health Organization (2019): Health Topics: Obesity. Archived from the       original on 13-9-2019 Retrieved 20-9-2019
  32. World Health Organization (2019): Hypertension. Archived from the original on 13-9-2019 Retrieved 22-9-2019.

Corresponding Author

Umoren E.B.

Department of Physiology, PAMO University of Medical Sciences # 1, Tap Road, Elelenwo off Aba Expressway, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria