Details
Category: Volume 07 Issue 02 February 2019
Hits: 1816

Title: Postural Problems in School Children and Physiotherapy Role

Authors: Eswar Reddy.K, Venugopal Reddy.K, Maruboina Sowjanya, Sujitha Chandrakala

 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i2.146

Abstract

Introduction

A good posture is one which requires a minimum expenditure of energy for the maintenance of good alignment, whereas utilization of excess energy and effort indicate poor posture. Good posture permits mechanically efficient functioning of joints wherein friction in the joints is minimized, tensions of opposing ligaments are balanced, and pressures within the joints are equalized, requiring minimum wear and tear of the joints. A posture can be said to be good if it fulfills the purpose with maximum efficiency and minimum efforts.

To conclude, in good posture, body will be at ease involving less effort weight equally distributed, all the axis being parallel to a vertical line, the curves of the spine are not twisted, abdomen held inside, chest held high in such a way that the shoulders are in an erect position.

 CAUSES OF POOR POSTURE: The causes of poor posture can broadly be classified into two categories:- (i) Acquired- due to some accident or disease. (ii) Congenital- present at birth or hereditary. The deformities caused due to poor posture can be of two types: (i) Functional divergency, and (ii) Structural divergency. 

References

  1. Syazwan A, Azhar MM, Anita A, Azizan H, Shaharuddin M, Hanafiah JM, et al. Poor sitting posture and a heavy schoolbag as contributors to musculoskeletal pain in children: an ergonomic school education intervention program.JPainRes2011;4:287- 296.
  2. Grimmer K, Dansie B, Milanese S, Pirunsan U, Trott P. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomized controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2002; 3: 10.
  3. Cite as: School Bags And Musculoskeletal Pain Among Elementary School Children In Chennai City; Vol 1|Issue 06|Pg:302-309 2014 303
  4. Lanes T, Gauron E, Spratt K, Wernimont T, Found E, Weinstein J. Long term follow up of patients with low back pain treated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Spine 1995; 20: 801-806.
  5. Ramprasad, et al. Backpack weight and postural angles in children, Indian Paediatrics 576 Volume 47__July17, 2010
  6. Shumway CA. Control of normal mobility. In: Shumway CA, Woollacott MH, Eds. Motor Control: Theory and Practical Applications.
  7. Mayank M, Upendar S, Nishat Q. Effect of backpack loading on cervical and shoulder posture in Indian school children. Indian J Physiotherapy Occupational Therapy 2006; 1: 3-12.
  8. Grimmer K, Dansie B, Milanese S, Pirunsan U, Trott P. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomized controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2002; 3: 10.
  9. Ko, J and M.Kim, 2013. Reliability and responsiveness of the gross motor function measure-88 in children with cerebral palsy. Phys. Ther., 93; 393-400.
  10. Mackenzie, W. G., Sampath, J. S., Kruse, R. W., Sheir-Neiss, G. J., Backpacks in Children, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol. 409, pp. 78–84, 2003.
  11. Bauer, D. H., Freivalds, A., Backpack load limit recommendation for middle school students based on physiological and psychophysical measurements, Work, vol. 32, pp. 339–350, 2009.
  12. Chow, D .H. K., Kwok, M. L. Y., Au-Yang, A. C. K., Holmes, A. D., Cheng, J. C. Y., Yao, F. Y. D., Wong, M. S., The effect of backpack load on the gait of normal adolescent girls, Ergonomics, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 642– 656, 2005.
  13. Hong, Y., Cheung, C., Gait and posture responses to backpack load during level walking in children, Gait & Posture, vol. 17, pp. 28–33, 2003.
  14. Brackley, H. M., Stevenson, J. M. Stevenson, Selinger J. C., Effect of backpack load placement on posture and spinal curvature in prepubescent children, Work, vol. 32, pp. 351-360, 2009. Cite as: School Bags And Musculoskeletal Pain Among Elementary School Children In Chennai City; Vol 1|Issue 06|Pg:302-309 2014 309
  15. Brackley, H. M., Stevenson, J. M., Are Children’s Backpack Weight Limits Enough? A critical review of relevant literature, Spine, vol. 29, pp. 2184–2190, 2004.
  16. Orloff HA, Rapp CM. The effects of load carriage on spinal curvature and posture. Spine 2004; 29(12):1325-1329.
  17. Hong Y, Li JX, Wong AS, Robinson PD. Effects of load carriage on heart rate, blood pressure and energy expenditure in children. Ergonomics 2000; 43(6):717-727.
  18. Deere KC, Clinch J, Holliday K, McBeth J, Crawley EM, Sayers A, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain in adolescents: findings from a populationbased cohort. Pain 2012; 153:1932-1938.
  19. Mwaka et al.: Musculoskeletal pain and school bag use: a cross-sectional study among Ugandan pupils. BMC Research Notes 2014 7:222.
  20. Grimmer KA, Williams MT, Gill TK: The associations between adolescent head-on neck posture, backpack weight, and anthropometric features. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999, 24:2262–2267.
  21. Hong Y, Brueggemann GP: Changes in gait patterns in 10-year-old boys with increasing loads when walking on a treadmill. Gait Posture 2000, 11:254–259.
  22. Pereira DSL, Castro SS, Bertoncello D, Damião R, Walsh IAP. Relationship of musculoskeletal pain with physical and functional variables and with postural changes in school children from 6 to 12 years of age. Braz J Phys Ther. 2013 JulyAug; 17(4):392-400.
  23. Santos MM, Silva MPC, Sanada LS, Alves CRJ. Análise postural fotogramétrica de crianças saudáveis de 7 a 10 anos: confiabilidade inter examinadores. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2009; 13(4):350-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ S1413- 35552009005000047.
  24. Javadivala, Z., Allahverdipour, H., Dianat, I.and Bazargan, M. Awareness of parents about Characteristics of a healthy school backpack. Health Promot Perspect 2012;2: 166.

Corresponding Author

Eswar Reddy.K

Professor, Sims College of Physiotherapy, Guntur, A.P