Title: Domestic Violence, Cause and Consequences on Pregnancy

Author: Archana Bharti. M.D

 DOI:  https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i9.178

Abstract

Domestic violence is a preventable global public health and human rights issue which affects millions of women regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, ethnicity, or educational background worldwide.  Women who suffer violence undergo lifelong trauma in the form of physical injury, multiple health problems and even death. Although, women of all age group may experience intimate partner violence (IPV), but it is most common in women of reproductive age and contributes to gynaecological disorders, pregnancy complications, unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because of its increasing prevalence, adverse effect on women and child, in recent year more attention is focused on intimate partner violence in pregnancy.  Health care providers mainly obstetrician–gynaecologists are in a unique position  who can help the women by  assessing , diagnosing  and providing  support for women who experience IPV because of the nature of the patient–physician relationship and the many opportunities of contact for intervention that occur during the course of pregnancy, family planning, annual examinations and other women’s health visits. This study reviews the prevalence of violence in pregnancy, risk factor associated with it and its consequences on pregnancy and baby and various strategies for its diagnosis and prevention. This is most prevalent in developing country ranging between 4% to 29% and worldwide between 1% and 70%, in the form of physical, sexual or psychological violence.[] In reviewing the main risk factors for violence in pregnancy are low socioeconomic condition, low education of both partner, unplanned pregnancy, nuclear family etc., all leading to low birth weight. Intimate partner violence screening and counselling should be a core part of women’s preventive health visits according to United states, department of Health and Human Services. Screening should be done for all women for IPV at regular intervals periodic intervals, like during obstetric care (at the first prenatal visit, at least once per trimester, and at the postpartum check-up) and , provides  support, and review available prevention and referral options time to time . In many communities various resoursces are available to assist women who experience IPV. The vulnerability of violence in pregnancy and its consequences are major public health issue and call for design and implementation of better preventive strategies.

Keywords: Domestic violence(DV), violence in pregnancy, Intimate partner violence.

References

  1. Family Violence Prevention Fund. Reproductive health and partner violence guidelines: an integrated response to intimate partner violence and reproductive coercion. San Francisco (CA)FVP2010 
  2. Devries KM, Kishor S, Johnson H, Stockl H, Bacchus L, Garcia-Moreno C, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: prevalence data from 19 countries. Reprod Health Matters 2010;18:113.
  3. Garcıa-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health And Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women’s Responses. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005.
  4. Violence against women: intimate partner and sexual violence against women. 2016.
  5. Nasir K, Hyder AA. Violence against pregnant women in developing countries: Review of evidence. Eur J Pub Health 2003;13:105–7.
  6. Woolhouse H, Gartland D, Hegarty K, Donath S, Brown S. Depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence in the 12 months after childbirth: a prospective pregnancy cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:315– 23.
  7. The WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women. WHO 2005.
  8. Devries KM, Kishor S, Johnson H, Stockl H, Bacchus LJ, Garcia-Moreno C, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: analysis of prevalence data from 19 countries. Reprod Health Matters. 2010;18(36):158–70
  9. Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006;368(9543):1260–910.
  10. Devries KM, Kishor S, Johnson H, Stöckl H, Bacchus L, Garcia-Moreno C, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: prevalence data from 19 countries. Reproductive Health Matters, 2010, 18(36):1-13
  11. Campbell J, Garcia-Moreno C, Sharps P. Abuse during pregnancy in industrialized and developing countries. Violence Against Women, 2004, 10(7):770-789.
  12. Shamu S, Abrahams N, Temmerman M, Musekiwa A, Zarowsky C. A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors. PLoS One, 6(3):e17591
  13. James L, Brody D, Hamilton Z. Risk factors for domestic violence during pregnancy: a meta-analytic review. Violence Vict. 2013;28(3):359–80.
  14. Spangaro JM, Zwi AB, Poulos RG.“Persist. persist.”: a qualitative study of women’s decisions to disclose and their perceptions of the impact of routine screening for intimate partner violence. Psychol Violence. 2011;1(2):150.
  15. World Health Organization. Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelins. Italy: WHO Press, World Health Organisation; 2013.
  16. Campbell JC, Woods AB, Chouaf KL, Parker B. Reproductive health consequences of intimate partner violence. A nursing research review. Clin Nurs Res. 2000;9(3):217–37.
  17. Shah PS, Shah J. Maternal exposure to domestic violence and pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Women's Health. 2010;19(11):2017–31.
  18. Valintina D. Violent conflicts and child development: evidence from Columbia. Columbia University. 2013. http://paa2014.princeton.edu/papers/ 140769. Accessed 27 June 2017.
  19. Kastello J, Jacobsen K, Gaffney K, Kodadek M, Bullock L, Sharps P. Posttraumatic stress disorder among low-income women exposed to perinatal intimate partner violence. Arch Women's Mental Health. 2016;19(3):521–8.
  20. Trevillion K, Corker E, Capron LE, Oram S. Improving mental health service responses to domestic violence and abuse. Int Rev Psychiatry.2016;28(5):423–32.
  21. Howard LM, Oram S, Galley H, Trevillion K, Feder G. Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001452.
  22. Trevillion K, Oram S, Feder G, Howard LM. Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(12): e51740.
  23. Sapkota D, Bhattarai S, Baral D, Pokharel PK. Domestic violence and its associated factors among married women of a village development committee of rural Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:178.
  24. Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Patel V, Rahman A, Tran T, Holton S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(2):139–49.
  25. American Medical Association. Diagnostic and treatment guidelines on domestic violence. Chicago (IL): AMA; 1992. 
  26. Baram DA, Basson R. Sexuality, sexual dysfunction, and sexual assault. In: Berek JS, editor. Berek& Novak’s gynecology. 14th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007;313–49.
  27. Alcolea F, Mohamed D (2008) Guide pregnancy care, University Hospital Lavandera, national institute of health management. INGESA
  28. Castro R, Ruíz A (2004) Prevalence and severity of violence against pregnant women, Mexico. Public RevSaúde 38: 62-70.
  29. Henales M, Sánchez C, Carreño J, Espíndola (2007) Clinic Guide psychological intervention for women with domestic violence. Inst Perinatol Human Reproduction, domestic Mexico 21: 88-99.
  30. Campo M (2015) Domestic and family violence in pregnancy and early parenthood. Overview and emerging interventions. CFCA Practitioner Resource.
  31. Alam S, Hadley SM, Jordan B (2007) The clinical implications of screening for violence against women. Contraception 76: 259-262.
  32. Doubova SV, Pámanes GV, Billings DL, Torres AL (2007) Partner violence against pregnant women in Mexico City. Rev Saude Publica 41: 582-590.
  33. Pérez MR, López GE, León A (2008) Violence against pregnant women: a challenge to detect and prevent damage in newborn. Acta Pediatr Mex 29: 267-272.
  34. Rodrigues T, Rocha L, Barros H (2008) Physical abuse during pregnancy and preterm delivery. Am J ObstetGynecol 198: 171.
  35. The WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. WHO 2005.
  36. Castro F, Place JM, Hinojosa N, Billings DL (2014) Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and postnatal depression: prevalence and association among Mexican women.
  37. Collado SP, Villanueva LA (2007) Relationship between domestic violence during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight in newborns. GinecolObstet Mex 75: 259-267.
  38. Sánchez NP, Galván H, Reyes HU, Reyes GU, Reyes KL (2013) Factors associated with abuse during pregnancy. Bol Clin Hosp Infant Edo Son 30
  39. Galicia IX, Martínez B, Ordoñez DM, Rosales HA (2013) Relationship between fetal abuse, violence and depressive symptoms during pregnancy teenage and adult women: A pilot study. Psicología y Salud 23: 83-95
  40. Cuevas S, Blanco J, Juárez C, Palma O, Valdez R (2006) Violence and pregnancy in users of health services in highly deprived states in Mexico. Public Health Mexico 48.
  41. Valentine J, Rodriguez M, Lapeyrouse L, Zhang M (2011) Recent intimate partner violence as a prenatal predictor of maternal depression in the first year postpartum among Latinas. Arch Women’s Mental Health 14: 135-143.
  42. Ludermir A, Lewis G, Valongueiro S, Araujo T, Araya R (2010) Violence against women by their intimate partner during pregnancy and postnatal depression: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet 376: 903-910.
  43. World Health Organization (2013) Violence against women by intimate partn44. Herrera L, Catasús C (2010) Population and Health in Middle America: 8.
  44. Colombo G, Ynoub R, Veneranda L, Iglesias M, Viglizzo M (2006) Domestic violence against women through pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: the gaze of a public service professionals maternity and obstetrics. Revista Argentina de Sociología pp: 73-98.
  45. Shah PS, Shah J (2010) Maternal exposure to domestic violence and pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 19: 2017-2031.
  46. Janssen PA, Holt VL, Sugg NK, Emanuel I, Critchlow CM, et al. (2003) Intimate partner violence and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188: 1341-7.
  47. Chai J, Fink G, Kaaya S, Goodarz D, Wafaie F, et al. (2016) Relationship between intimate partner violence and child growth deficiency: results of 42 demographic and health surveys. Bull World Health Organ 94: 331-339.
  48. Núñez HP, Monge R, Gríos C, Elizondo AM, Rojas A (2003) Physical, psychological, emotional, and sexual violence during pregnancy as a reproductive-risk predictor of low birthweight in Costa Rica. Pan Am J Public Health
  49. González-Pacheco I, Romero-Pérez I, Sámano-Sámano R, Torres-Cosme JL, Sánchez-Miranda G, et al. (2010) Maternal death from the perspective of violence género. PerinatolReprod Hum 24: 60-66.
  50. Walker D, Campero L, Hernández B (2007) Studies on maternal mortality and violence: implications for public health prevention Mexico 49: 234.

Corresponding Author

Archana Bharti. M.D

Ayur Vigyan Nagar, E -9, Khelgoan Marg, Near Ansal Plaza, New Delhi 110049

Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.