Title: A Case of Subcutaneous Mucormycosis with Stridor, Case Report and Review Literature

Authors: Prof Dr T.N.Dubey, Sagar Khandare, Gopal Krishna, Ashwin D.K

 DOI:  https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i6.81

Abstract

Introduction

Mucormycosis represent a group of life threatening infection caused by fungi of the order mucorales of the subphylum mucoromycotina. [6, 7] The agents of mucormycosis are ubiquitous in nature. They may be isolated from air, soil, fruits, clinical materials, human orifices. Incidence of mucormycosis has increased in recent years.[4,10] Subcutaneous mucormycosis is the third most common clinical variety of mucormycosis.[12] Subcutaneous mucormycosis result from external implantation of the pathogens or by haematogenous dissemination.[18] External implantation may be from soil or dust exposure from trauma, penetrating injury from plant material, catheter insertion, injections of medication and by contaminated dressings.[20] Cutaneous disease can be highly invasive penetrating into subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle and even up to bone. In mucormycosis necrotizing fasciitis has mortality rate nearly above 85%. [1] However with early diagnosis and proper treatment mortality can be reduced.

References

1.      Spellberg B, Edwards J Jr., Ibrahim A. Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:556-69

2.      ARTIS, W. M.; FOUNTAIN, J. A.; DECLCHER, H. K. & JONES, H. E. — A mechanism of susceptibility to mucormycosis in diabetic ketoacidosis: Transferrin and iron availability. Diabetes 31: 1108-1114, 1983.

3.      Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:236-301.

4.      Skiada A, Rigopoulos D, Larios G, Petrikkos G, Katsambas A. Global epidemiology of cutaneous zygomycosis. Clin Dermatol 2012;30:628-32.

5.      Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL et al. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 634-53

6.      Kontoyiannis, DP and Lewis, RE. Agents of mucormycosis and entomophth-oramycosis. in: GL Mandell, JE Bennett, R Dolin (Eds.) Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, Philadelphia,PA; 2009

7.      Hibbett, DS, Binder, M, Bischoff, JF et al. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi.Mycol Res. 2007; 111: 509–547

8.      Ribes, JA, Vanover-Sams, CL, and Baker, DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev.2000; 13: 236–301

9.      Pappas, PG, Alexander, BD, Andes, DR et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant- Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50

10.  Chakrabarti, A, Das, A, Sharma, A et al. Ten years' experience in zygomycosis at a tertiary care centre in India. J Infect. 2001; 42: 261–266

11.  Diwakar, A, Dewan, RK, Chowdhary, A, Randhawa, HS, Khanna, G, and Gaur, SN. Zygomycosis—a case report and overview of the disease in India. Mycoses. 2007; 50: 247–254

12.  Meis, JF and Chakrabarti, A. Changing epidemiology of an emerging infection: zygomycosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009; 15: 10–14

13.  Antoniadou, A. Outbreaks of zygomycosis in hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect.  2009; 15: 55–59

14.  Chamilos, G, Marom, EM, Lewis, RE, Lionakis, MS, and Kontoyiannis, DP. Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41:60–66

15.  Kalpatti, R, Peters, B, Kane, I et al. Safety and efficacy of high dose intravenous desferrioxamine for reduction of iron overload in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010; 55: 1338–1342

16.  Trifilio, SM, Bennett, CL, Yarnold, PR et al. Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole administration among patients with hematologic malignancies who receive hematopoietic stem-cell transplants or intensive chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007; 39: 425–429

17.  Tleyjeh, IM, Kashour, T, Hakim, FA et al. Statins for the prevention and treatment of infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 1658–1667

18.  James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology.

19.  Lee F.Y.; Mossad S.B.; Adal K.A. (1999). "Pulmonary mucormycosis: the last 30 years". Arch Intern Med 159: 1301–9.

20.  Spellberg B, Edwards J, Ibrahim A (2005). "Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18 (3): 556–69.

21.  Choo JY, Park CM, Lee HJ et-al. Sequential morphological changes in follow-up CT of pulmonary mucormycosis. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2013;20 (1): 42-6.

22.  Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features and Print, 8e

Corresponding Author

Gopal Krishna