Title: A Study on Variations of Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle with Its Embryological Basis and Clinical Significance
Authors: Dr Gopal Bagal, Dr Savita Takale
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i1.23
The human beings are a highly species. Most of our information about the world comes to us through our eyes and most of our cultural and intellectual heritage is stored and transmitted as words and images to which our vision gives access and meaning. Knowing more about our eyes and vision is, therefore, one path to better understanding of ourselves. The extraocular muscles are pivotal to the movement of the eye. There are 7 muscles within the orbit: 4 rectus muscles, 2-oblique muscles and the levator palpebrae superioris. Abnormalities of the extraocular muscles are rare and most accounts describe unilateral or bilateral absence of individual muscles. Numerical aberrations of extraocular muscles are commonly associated with syndromes of premature cranial bone stenosis. Although many variations of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle have been reported in fetuses. Accessory muscle slips may be associated with congenital eyelid retraction or blepharoptosis. Because of the clinical importance of the accessory levator muscle slip of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, this study aimed to describe the morphological appearance of this variation in human adult orbits. Keywords: Accessory levator muscle slip, blepharoptosis, extraocular muscles, eyelid retraction, levator palpebrae superioris. 1. 1. Ruskell GL. Accessory visual apparatus. In: Williams PL, ed. Gray’s Anatomy, 38th edn. New York: Churchill-Livingstone; 1995: 1353. 2. Von Ludinghausen M, Miura M, Wurzler N. Variations and anomalies of the human orbital muscles. Surg Radiol Anat. 1999: 21: 69-76. 3. Plock J, Contaldo C, Von Ludinghausen M. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle in human fetuses: anatomical findings and their clinical relevance. Clin Anat. 2005: 18: 473-80. 4. Ballen PH, Rochkopf. Cogenital retraction of the upper lid. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987: 18: 680-690. 5. Edward R. Extraocular muscles: variations in their anatomy, length and cross sectional diameter. Int J Anat and Research. 2015: 3(3): 1198-1206. 6. Carruthers JD. Strabismus in craniofacial dysostosis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol.1988: 226: 230-234. 7. Whitnall SE. An instance of the retractor bulbi muscle in man. J of Anatomy and Physiology. 1911: 46: 36-40. 8. Yapp WB. Sense organs, In Vertebrates: Their structure and Life. New York: Oxford University Press. 1965: 279-321. 9. Amonoo-Kuofi HS, Darwish HH. Accessory levator muscle of the upper eyelid: A case report and review of the literature. Clin Anat. 1998:11: 410-416. 10. Plock J, Contaldo C, Von Ludinghausen M. Extraocular eye muscles in human fetuses with craniofacial malformation: anatomical findings and their clinical relevance. Clin Anat. 2007: 20: 239-245. 11. Sevel D. Development of the connective tissue of the extra ocular muscles and clinical significance. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1988: 226: 246-251. 12. Ettl A, Priglinger S, Kramer J. Functional anatomy of levator palpebrae superioris muscle and its connective tissue system. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996: 80: 702-707. 13. Loukas M, Curry B. Bilateral lateral bipartite levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Clin Anat. 2006: 19: 698-699. 14. Plock J, Contaldo C, Von Ludinghausen M.Extraocular eye muscles in human fetuses with craniofacial malformation: anatomical findings and clinical relevance. Clin Anat.: 2007: 20: 239-245. 15. Hoffman KT, Hosten N, Lemke AJ, Sander B. Septum orbitale: high resolution MR in orbital anatomy. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998: 19: 91-94. 16. Neal HV. The history of eye muscles. J Morphol. 1918: 30: 433-453. 17. Gilbert PW. The origin and development of the head cavities in the human embryo. J Morphol. 1952: 90: 149-187.Abstract
References